Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 5, 2026

Characterizing Individual Protein Aggregates by Infrared Nanospectroscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy
Published on: September 12, 2019
Authentication of liquid egg composition using ATR-FTIR and NIR spectroscopy in combination with PCA
Reyhan Selin Uysal1, Ismail Hakki Boyaci2
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Istanbul Gedik University, Istanbul, Turkey.
Background:
The starting point of this work is to propose a qualitative approach for authenticity confirmation of the composition of liquid egg products. To this end, it was aimed to detect the liquid egg authenticity and adulteration (with water) by using attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and chemometrics.
Results:
Liquid (n = 50) and dry (n = 50) samples of whole egg, egg yolk, egg white, and whole egg containing extra egg white (BXEW) and water (BXW) were prepared. Principal component analysis (PCA) models were formed using the data obtained from ATR-FTIR and NIR measurements of liquid and dry samples. A better classification was achieved with PCA model of ATR-FTIR measurements formed by using dry samples (100%) instead of liquid ones (80%). The best separation was obtained between dry sample groups of BXEW and BXW (adulterated). The presence of water content in liquid samples showed a negative effect on classification of the samples, while a good classification (100%) was obtained for NIR measurements of both liquid and dry sample groups. The developed PCA models achieved classification regardless of the form of egg samples (liquid or dry).
Conclusion:
The results of the study revealed that adulterated egg samples (with water) could be qualitatively detected using ATR-FTIR and NIR spectroscopy techniques in combination with PCA. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
Related Concept Videos
Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Infrared Spectroscopy: Overview
The ATR process begins by directing a beam...
IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Lab
Solutions containing organic solvents, such as low-molecular-mass alcohols, esters, or ketones, enhance absorbances by increasing...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Interference
Spectral interference occurs when signals from other elements or molecules overlap with the analyte signal, falsely elevating or masking the analyte's absorbance. This interference can be corrected using Zeeman,...
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods

