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Area of Science:

  • Chemical Physics
  • Molecular Dynamics
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) with nonrelativistic electrons allows atomic-scale molecular structure determination.
  • Achieving picosecond temporal resolution has been a barrier to observing gas-phase chemical reactions in real-time.
  • Molecular movies require high spatial and temporal resolution to visualize dynamic processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present the design of a new mega-electron-volt (MeV) UED apparatus at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory.
  • To enable real-time imaging of ultrafast structural dynamics in gas-phase molecules.
  • To overcome the temporal resolution limitations of previous UED techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a gas-phase MeV UED apparatus utilizing high-energy electrons.
  • Implementation of a compact differential pump section for enhanced vacuum isolation.
  • Systematic characterization of spatial resolution, temporal resolution, and long-term stability.

Main Results:

  • Achieved 65 fs root mean square temporal resolution.
  • Attained 0.63 Å spatial resolution and 0.22 Å-1 reciprocal-space resolution.
  • Successfully captured real-time molecular movies of photochemical mechanisms like bond breaking and conical intersection crossings.

Conclusions:

  • The SLAC gas-phase MeV UED apparatus provides unprecedented spatial-temporal resolution for molecular dynamics studies.
  • The compact design facilitates high vacuum conditions crucial for gas-phase experiments.
  • This technology opens new avenues for investigating fundamental chemical processes in real-time.