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Brain activity during self-paced vs. fixed protocols in graded exercise testing.

Rachel M Dykstra1, Nicholas J Hanson2, Michael G Miller2

  • 1Department of Human Performance and Health Education, Western Michigan University, 1903 W. Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA. rachel.m.dykstra@wmich.edu.

Experimental Brain Research
|October 26, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Brain activity during maximal exercise differs between sexes and protocols. Knowing the endpoint (closed-loop) may influence performance and brain responses compared to unknown endpoints (open-loop).

Keywords:
ElectroencephalographyGXTInhibitory controlPerceptual regulation

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Area of Science:

  • Exercise Physiology
  • Neuroscience
  • Sports Science

Background:

  • Electroencephalography (EEG) research in maximal exercise testing has predominantly excluded female subjects.
  • Previous studies often employed open-loop protocols, where exercise endpoints are unknown, potentially limiting optimal performance.
  • Closed-loop protocols, allowing self-pacing, are generally associated with enhanced exercise performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare brain activity (EEG) between open-loop and closed-loop maximal exercise protocols.
  • To investigate potential sex differences in brain activity during these exercise conditions.
  • To explore the influence of known versus unknown exercise endpoints on cortical activity.

Main Methods:

  • Twenty-seven healthy adults (12 males) underwent two maximal exercise tests on a cycle ergometer: an open-loop graded exercise test (GXT) and a closed-loop self-paced VO2max (SPV) test.
  • EEG data was collected from electrodes placed on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and motor cortex (MC).
  • Alpha and beta frequency bands were analyzed for power spectral density (PSD) differences between protocols and sexes using mixed model ANOVAs.

Main Results:

  • A significant time-by-sex interaction was observed in the dlPFC during the GXT (p=0.001), with males showing an initial peak followed by a decrease in brain activity.
  • In contrast, the dlPFC showed a continuous increase in brain activity during the closed-loop SPV test for males.
  • These findings suggest potential sex differences in brain activity related to inhibitory control, a dlPFC function, influenced by knowledge of the exercise endpoint.

Conclusions:

  • Knowledge of the exercise endpoint significantly impacts brain activity, particularly in the dlPFC, during maximal exercise.
  • Sex differences in cortical brain activity during exercise may be linked to variations in inhibitory control.
  • Closed-loop protocols may elicit different neural responses compared to open-loop protocols, potentially due to self-pacing and endpoint awareness.