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Related Concept Videos

Resistance01:19

Resistance

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When a current moves through any conductor, the conductor causes some level of difficulty for the current to flow. The measure of that difficulty is known as the resistance of the material and is represented by R. Every material has its own resistance. In the case of conductors, heat is emitted whenever a current passes through them. Resistance depends on the resistivity of the material. Resistivity is a characteristic of the material used to fabricate electrical components, whereas the...
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Resistance and Conductance01:25

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A conductor's DC resistance at a given temperature is influenced by its resistivity, length, and cross-sectional area. Resistivity is an inherent property of the conductor material, with annealed copper serving as the international standard for measurement. For instance, the resistivity of hard-drawn aluminum at 20 degrees Celsius is 61% of the standard conductivity of annealed copper.
Various factors impact the resistance of a conductor. Spiraling in stranded conductors increases their...
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Treatment Resistant Cancers02:56

Treatment Resistant Cancers

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Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
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Routes of Persuasion02:20

Routes of Persuasion

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Persuasion is the process of changing our attitude toward something based on some kind of communication. Much of the persuasion we experience comes from outside forces. How do people convince others to change their attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors? What communications do you receive that attempt to persuade you to change your attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors?
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Rolling Resistance01:21

Rolling Resistance

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When a solid cylinder rolls steadily on a rigid surface, the normal force applied by the surface on the cylinder is perpendicular to the tangent at the contact point. However, since no materials are entirely rigid, the surface's reaction to the cylinder involves a range of normal pressures.
For instance, imagine a hard cylinder rolling on a comparatively soft surface. The cylinder's weight compresses the surface beneath it. As the cylinder moves, the material in front of it slows down due to...
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Resistors In Parallel01:23

Resistors In Parallel

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Resistors are in parallel when one end of all the resistors are connected to a continuous wire of negligible resistance and the other end of all the resistors are also connected to one another through a continuous wire of negligible resistance. In the case of a parallel configuration, the potential drop across each resistor is the same. Current through each resistor can be found using Ohm’s law, I = V/R, where the voltage is constant across each resistor. The sum of the individual currents...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 5, 2026

A Cell Culture Model of Resistance Arteries
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A Cell Culture Model of Resistance Arteries

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The road to resistance.

Devon M Fitzgerald1,2,3,4

  • 1Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.

Elife
|October 26, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bacterial growth forms, planktonic or surface-attached biofilms, impact antimicrobial resistance evolution. Understanding these differences is crucial for developing effective infection treatments.

Keywords:
Acinetobacter baumanniiantimicrobial resistancebacterial evolutionbiofilmevolutionary biologyinfectious diseasemicrobiologypopulation genetics

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Bacteria exist in two primary growth states: planktonic (free-floating) and sessile (attached to surfaces, forming biofilms).
  • These distinct growth states are known to influence bacterial physiology, gene expression, and response to environmental stressors.
  • Antimicrobial resistance is a major global health threat, necessitating a deeper understanding of factors that promote its development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how bacterial growth state (planktonic vs. biofilm) influences the evolution of antimicrobial resistance.
  • To compare the trajectory of resistance development in bacteria grown in liquid culture versus those attached to a surface.
  • To provide insights into how growth morphology impacts treatment efficacy against bacterial infections.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of bacterial populations grown under planktonic and biofilm conditions.
  • Exposure of both growth states to sub-lethal concentrations of specific antimicrobial agents.
  • Monitoring of resistance evolution through phenotypic assays and genotypic analysis (e.g., sequencing).

Main Results:

  • Bacteria in biofilm communities exhibited a significantly different rate and pattern of antimicrobial resistance evolution compared to planktonic bacteria.
  • Specific resistance mechanisms were preferentially selected for or against depending on the growth state.
  • The study identified key genetic or physiological differences contributing to altered resistance evolution in biofilms.

Conclusions:

  • Bacterial growth state is a critical determinant in the evolution of antimicrobial resistance.
  • Biofilm formation can create unique environments that foster distinct resistance pathways.
  • Targeting biofilm-specific vulnerabilities may offer novel strategies for combating antimicrobial resistance and treating persistent infections.