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Related Concept Videos

Analgesia and Pain Management01:25

Analgesia and Pain Management

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Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

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Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
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Peripheral Artery Disease V: Postoperative Nursing Management01:23

Peripheral Artery Disease V: Postoperative Nursing Management

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During the postoperative period, it is crucial to focus on maintaining circulation, identifying and managing potential complications, and planning for discharge.Nursing AssessmentVital signs monitoring: Regularly monitor vital signs, including blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature, to detect early signs of complications such as bleeding and infection.Circulation assessment: Monitor pulses, perform Doppler assessments, and check capillary refill, color, temperature, and...
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SBAR II: Application of SBAR01:14

SBAR II: Application of SBAR

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SBAR is an effective communication tool used by healthcare professionals to communicate patient information accurately. SBAR stands for Situation, Background, Assessment, and Recommendation. For a better understanding, an example is given below.
SBAR Report from a Nurse to a Health Care Provider
S: "Hello, Dr. Smith. This is Jane, RN, from the Med Surg unit. I am calling to tell you about Ms. White in Room 210, who is experiencing increased pain and redness at her incision site. Her recent...
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Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids01:15

Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids

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Synthetic and semisynthetic opioids are pivotal in pain management and tackling opioid addiction. Semisynthetic opioids, including morphinans (morphine derivatives), oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone, have improved pharmacokinetic profiles compared to morphine. Additionally, heroin and 6-MAM (6-Monoacetylmorphine) show better CNS penetration than morphine due to heightened lipid solubility. Hydromorphone, a potent opioid, undergoes hepatic metabolism to form the active...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

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Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
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Related Experiment Video

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Determining Pain Detection and Tolerance Thresholds Using an Integrated, Multi-Modal Pain Task Battery
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BEVA primary care clinical guidelines: Analgesia.

I M Bowen1, A Redpath1, A Dugdale2

  • 1Oakham Veterinary Hospital/University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, UK.

Equine Veterinary Journal
|October 29, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Veterinary guidelines recommend intratesticular local anesthesia and NSAIDs before equine castration. Opioids like butorphanol and buprenorphine are not suitable sole analgesics for these procedures.

Keywords:
analgesiacastrationhorselamenesspain

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Animal Pain Management
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Primary care guidelines are essential for evidence-based veterinary practice.
  • A modified GRADE framework (vetGRADE) was developed for assessing equine analgesic research.
  • Clinical scenarios involving equine analgesia were evaluated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide evidence-based guidelines for equine pain management.
  • To assess the efficacy and safety of various analgesic agents in horses.
  • To inform clinical decision-making for common equine procedures and conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review and expert clinical opinion.
  • Application of the vetGRADE framework to assess evidence certainty.
  • Evaluation of analgesic protocols for castration, laminitis, joint pain, and colic.

Main Results:

  • Intratesticular local anesthesia and pre-operative NSAIDs are recommended for castration (high certainty).
  • Butorphanol and buprenorphine are not recommended as sole analgesics for castration (high certainty).
  • Phenylbutazone showed superior analgesia for hoof pain compared to meloxicam and firocoxib (moderate certainty).
  • Flunixin and firocoxib are more effective for colic pain than meloxicam or phenylbutazone (moderate certainty).

Conclusions:

  • Analgesia should continue for 3 days post-castration (moderate certainty).
  • All analgesics require veterinary supervision due to potential adverse events.
  • A validated composite pain score for horses is needed for robust medication comparison.