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Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
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Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
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Next-generation sequencing technologies have created large genomic databases of a variety of animals and plants. Ever since the human genome project was completed, scientists studied the genome of primates, mammals, and other phylogenetically distant living beings. Such large-scale  studies have provided new insights into the evolutionary relationship between organisms.
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Long Noncoding RNAs and Repetitive Elements: Junk or Intimate Evolutionary Partners?

Hyunmin Lee1, Zhaolei Zhang2, Henry M Krause3

  • 1Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.

Trends in Genetics : TIG
|October 31, 2019
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Summary

The human genome has vast noncoding regions. This review suggests much of this "junk DNA," including long noncoding RNAs, is functional and drives evolution.

Keywords:
evolutionlncRNAsatellite sequencespermatogenesistransposable element

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Only ~1% of the human genome encodes proteins, prompting debate on the function of transcribed untranslated regions.
  • Current scientific assumptions favor coding genes as functional, while noncoding genes are often presumed non-functional.
  • Long noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) and their associations with repetitive elements like transposable elements and satellite repeats are central to this debate.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To re-evaluate the evidence for and against the functionality of noncoding genomic elements.
  • To specifically examine the role of long noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) and their association with repetitive DNA.
  • To propose a symbiotic relationship between ncRNAs and transposable elements in driving evolutionary processes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing scientific literature and evidence.
  • Focus on long noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) longer than 200 nucleotides.
  • Analysis of the functional implications of transposable elements and satellite repeats in conjunction with ncRNAs.

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests a significant portion of previously disregarded 'junk DNA' may possess crucial functions.
  • Long noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) and transposable elements appear to interact synergistically.
  • These interactions are proposed to be key drivers of genomic evolution.

Conclusions:

  • A substantial amount of noncoding DNA, including long noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), is likely functional.
  • Noncoding RNAs and transposable elements may work together in a symbiotic manner.
  • This interplay between noncoding elements is a significant force in shaping genome evolution.