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In the AX proton spin system, proton A can sense the two spin states of a coupled proton X, resulting in a doublet NMR signal with two peaks of equal (1:1) intensity. When proton A is coupled to two equivalent protons (AX2 spin system), the spin states of each X can be aligned with or against the external field, creating three possible scenarios. This results in a 1:2:1  triplet signal, where the central peak corresponds to the chemical shift of A and is twice as large or intense as the...
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Gain and phase shift are properties of linear circuits that describe the effect a circuit has on a sinusoidal input voltage or current. The circuit's behavior that contains reactive elements will depend on the frequency of the input sinusoid. As a result, it is observed that the gain and phase shift will all be frequency functions.
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Characterization of SiN Integrated Optical Phased Arrays on a Wafer-Scale Test Station
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    This study introduces a novel optical phased array (OPA) architecture for 2-D beam-steering. It significantly reduces power consumption and complexity by using fewer phase shifters outside the array.

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    Area of Science:

    • Photonics and Optical Engineering
    • Integrated Optics
    • Beam Steering Technology

    Background:

    • Conventional 2-D optical phased arrays (OPAs) require N² phase shifters for N×N arrays, leading to high power consumption and limited element spacing.
    • Electrical routing within the OPA aperture poses challenges for miniaturization and efficiency.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To present a new OPA architecture that enables 2-D beam-steering with significantly reduced phase shifter count.
    • To demonstrate a proof-of-concept OPA with enhanced power efficiency and simplified design.

    Main Methods:

    • Developed a novel OPA architecture utilizing only 2N external phase shifters for N×N arrays.
    • Implemented an 8×8 OPA transmitter with 16 phase shifters for 2-D beam-steering.
    • Characterized far-field beam-steering performance without wavelength tuning.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved 2-D beam-steering using only 16 phase shifters for an 8×8 OPA.
    • Demonstrated far-field beam-steering over a range of approximately 7°.
    • The new architecture eliminates electrical routing within the aperture, reducing power consumption.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed OPA architecture offers a more power-efficient and scalable solution for 2-D beam-steering applications.
    • This approach simplifies OPA design and opens possibilities for advanced optical imaging and LiDAR systems.