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Related Concept Videos

Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

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Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
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Clinical manifestationsPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) manifests through a range of symptoms, from the characteristic intermittent claudication to atypical presentations and severe complications in advanced stages. Intermittent claudication, a hallmark symptom of PAD, presents as exercise-induced muscle pain that typically resolves within minutes of rest. This pain is reproducible and stems from inadequate blood flow, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid produced during anaerobic...
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The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
Musculoskeletal disorders
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Structural Classification of Joints01:20

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Joints, also known as articulations, are classified based on their structural characteristics, i.e., based on whether the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones are directly connected by fibrous connective tissue or cartilage, or whether the articulating surfaces contact each other within a fluid-filled joint cavity. These differences serve to divide the joints of the body into three structural classifications.
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Skeletal muscles continuously produce ATP to provide the energy that enables muscle contractions. Skeletal muscle fibers can be categorized into three types based on differences in their contraction speed and how they produce ATP, as well as physical differences related to these factors. Most human muscles contain all three muscle fiber types, albeit in varying proportions.
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Related Experiment Video

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A Standardized Method for Measurement of Elbow Kinesthesia
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A new pathologic classification for elbow stiffness based on our experience in 216 patients.

Ziyang Sun1, Juehong Li1, Haomin Cui1

  • 1Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.

Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery
|November 4, 2019
PubMed
Summary

A new pathologic classification for elbow stiffness improves understanding and standardization of elbow arthrolysis, leading to significant gains in range of motion and function. This approach yields excellent clinical outcomes for patients with elbow stiffness.

Keywords:
Elbow stiffnessMayo Elbow Performance Indexclinical classificationforearm rotationopen arthrolysisrange of motion

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Reconstructive Surgery
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Elbow stiffness significantly impacts upper-limb function and causes disability.
  • Standardizing elbow arthrolysis requires a deeper understanding of underlying pathologies.
  • A novel classification system is proposed to address these limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a new pathologic classification for elbow stiffness.
  • To standardize elbow arthrolysis procedures based on specific pathologies.
  • To evaluate the clinical outcomes of this new classification system.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a 4-type classification for extension-flexion dysfunction (EF I-IV) and a 3-type classification for forearm rotation dysfunction (FR I-III).
  • Prospectively enrolled 216 patients with elbow stiffness, categorizing them preoperatively.
  • Performed standardized surgical procedures based on classification type and analyzed patient data, range of motion, and functional scores.

Main Results:

  • Mean range of motion (ROM) improved from 40° to 118°, with 88% achieving ≥100° ROM.
  • Forearm rotation arc (FRA) improved from 76° to 128°, with 82% achieving ≥100° FRA.
  • Mayo Elbow Performance Index (MEPI) improved from 63 to 91, with 95% good or excellent results.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed pathologic classification offers a novel perspective for understanding and standardizing elbow arthrolysis.
  • The classification system is associated with satisfactory clinical outcomes, including significant improvements in ROM and function.
  • This standardized approach enhances treatment efficacy for diverse elbow stiffness pathologies.