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Related Concept Videos

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Gregor Mendel's pioneering work on the principles of inheritance fundamentally transformed our understanding of how traits are transmitted from generation to generation. His experiments with pea plants laid the groundwork for the discovery of genes, discrete units within organisms that control heredity.
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Most DNA resides in the nucleus of a cell. However, some organelles in the cell cytoplasm⁠—such as chloroplasts and mitochondria⁠—also have their own DNA. These organelles replicate their DNA independently of the nuclear DNA of the cell in which they reside. Non-nuclear inheritance describes the inheritance of genes from structures other than the nucleus.
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Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
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In 1866, Gregor Mendel published the results of his pea plant breeding experiments, providing evidence for predictable patterns in the inheritance of physical characteristics. The significance of his findings was not immediately recognized. In fact, the existence of genes was unknown at the time. Mendel referred to hereditary units as “factors.”
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Epigenetic inheritance and intergenerational effects in mollusks.

Manon Fallet1, Emilien Luquet2, Patrice David3

  • 1IHPE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France.

Gene
|November 4, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Epigenetic mechanisms, like DNA methylation, are vital in mollusks, responding to environmental cues. These changes may influence traits across generations, aiding mollusk adaptation and evolution.

Keywords:
AdaptationEpigeneticIntergenerational effectMolluskPhenotypic plasticity

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Invertebrate Zoology

Background:

  • Epigenetic variation interacts with genetic variation to transmit heritable information.
  • Epigenetic changes, influenced by environmental cues, can be passed to offspring, potentially aiding genetic adaptation.
  • Knowledge of epigenetic mechanisms in invertebrates, particularly mollusks, lags behind vertebrates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review literature on epigenetic and intergenerational studies in mollusk species.
  • To explore the potential role of epigenetics in the adaptive evolution of mollusks.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of epigenetic and intergenerational studies in mollusks.
  • Focus on DNA methylation and histone modifications as epigenetic markers.

Main Results:

  • DNA methylation and histone modifications are crucial for mollusk development and sensitive to environmental conditions.
  • Environmental factors can induce intergenerational phenotypic effects (life-history, morphology, behavior) in mollusks.
  • Studies on mollusk epigenetics and intergenerational effects are still limited.

Conclusions:

  • Further research is needed to understand the phenotypic impacts and heritability of environmentally-induced epigenetic changes in mollusks.
  • Epigenetic mechanisms may play a significant role in mollusk adaptation and evolution.
  • Understanding these processes can provide insights into broader evolutionary biology.