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Updated: Jan 4, 2026

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Does upper airway deformation affect drug deposition?

Shaokoon Cheng1, Agisilaos Kourmatzis2, Taye Mekonnen1

  • 1Macquarie University, School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering Sydney, Australia.

International Journal of Pharmaceutics
|November 4, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Simulating upper airway deformation is crucial for inhaled drug delivery. Lateral deformation significantly impacts throat deposition, unlike antero-posterior changes, affecting drug delivery efficiency.

Keywords:
Fine particle fractionIn vitro lung dosePharynx collapseThroat depositionUpper airway deformation

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Aerodynamics

Background:

  • Accurate simulation of drug deposition in the human upper airway is essential for developing effective inhalation drug delivery platforms.
  • The dynamic, deformable nature of the upper airway during inhalation presents a challenge in predicting inhaled drug deposition patterns.
  • The specific impact of pharyngeal deformation on drug deposition, particularly in the throat, remains largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of simulated pharyngeal deformation on inhaled drug deposition in the upper airway.
  • To quantify the influence of lateral and antero-posterior upper airway deformation on throat deposition, in vitro lung dose, and fine particle fraction.
  • To assess the significance of upper airway deformability for optimizing inhaled drug delivery device design.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a realistic upper airway cast (RUPAC) to simulate varying degrees (25%, 50%, 75%) of lateral and antero-posterior pharyngeal deformation.
  • Administered dry mannitol powders through the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) throat and the RUPAC into a next-generation cascade impactor (NGI).
  • Conducted experiments at controlled inhalation flow rates of 40, 60, and 80 L/min to mimic physiological conditions.

Main Results:

  • Throat deposition was significantly affected by lateral deformation of the upper airway (p=0.04).
  • Antero-posterior deformation of the upper airway did not produce a significant effect on throat deposition.
  • Further analysis is needed to determine the impact on in vitro lung dose and fine particle fraction across all deformation types and flow rates.

Conclusions:

  • Lateral deformation of the pharynx plays a significant role in modulating inhaled drug deposition within the upper airway.
  • The findings highlight the importance of incorporating airway deformability, specifically lateral changes, into computational models for drug deposition simulation.
  • Understanding these effects is critical for the design of next-generation inhalation devices that ensure efficient drug delivery to the lungs.