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Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
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CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats is a adaptive immune system found in bacteria and archaea that protects against viral infections. This system enables prokaryotic cells to identify, remember, and neutralize foreign genetic elements, primarily bacteriophages, by storing fragments of the invader’s DNA as a genetic memory.The CRISPR immune response begins during an initial infection. Cas (CRISPR-associated) proteins play a central role in this...
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The CRISPR-Cas system serves as a bacterial defense mechanism against invading genetic elements such as viruses and plasmids, forming the foundation for its adaptation as a powerful genome-editing tool. Originally discovered in prokaryotes, this system has been repurposed to revolutionize genetic engineering across a wide range of organisms, including plants, animals, and humans. The core component, Cas9, is an endonuclease derived from Streptococcus pyogenes, capable of introducing...
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Genome editing technologies allow scientists to modify an organism’s DNA via the addition, removal, or rearrangement of genetic material at specific genomic locations. These types of techniques could potentially be used to cure genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. One popular and widely used DNA-editing research tool that could lead to safe and effective cures for genetic disorders is the CRISPR-Cas9 system. CRISPR-Cas9 stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced...
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piRNA-Guided CRISPR-like Immunity in Eukaryotes.

Youdiil Ophinni1, Umberto Palatini2, Yoshitake Hayashi1

  • 1Division of Molecular Medicine and Medical Genetics, Department of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan.

Trends in Immunology
|November 5, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Endogenous virus elements (EVEs) in eukaryotes can generate piRNAs (small RNAs) that provide heritable antiviral immunity. This mechanism offers a novel perspective on eukaryotic defense systems.

Keywords:
Piwi proteinRNAiendogenous viral elementspiRNAtransposable elements

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Eukaryotic genomes harbor endogenous virus elements (EVEs), remnants of ancient viral infections.
  • While retroviral EVEs are well-studied, nonretroviral EVEs are less understood.
  • The canonical function of Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) is to suppress transposable elements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the potential role of EVEs in generating piRNAs.
  • To investigate whether EVEs contribute to antiviral immunity in eukaryotes.
  • To propose a novel mechanism for heritable antiviral immune memory.

Main Methods:

  • Bioinformatic analysis of eukaryotic genomes to identify EVEs.
  • RNA sequencing to detect piRNAs derived from EVEs.
  • Comparative genomics to assess evolutionary conservation.

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests EVEs can serve as templates for piRNA production.
  • These EVE-derived piRNAs are implicated in sequence-specific silencing.
  • This points to a potential role in antiviral defense and genomic stability.

Conclusions:

  • EVEs may facilitate the generation of piRNAs, contributing to eukaryotic immunity.
  • This process could establish heritable, sequence-specific antiviral immune memory.
  • This mechanism is analogous to prokaryotic CRISPR-Cas systems.