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Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 4, 2026

Examining Bilingual Language Control Using the Stroop Task
05:31

Examining Bilingual Language Control Using the Stroop Task

Published on: February 26, 2020

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When working memory meets control in the Stroop effect.

Olga Entel1, Joseph Tzelgov2

  • 1Department of Psychology.

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition
|November 8, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Proactive control requires both experience with challenging tasks and sufficient working memory (WM) resources. Without adequate WM, proactive control is not engaged, impacting performance.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Proactive control is crucial for managing task performance.
  • Two key preconditions for proactive control are a pending plan and available working memory (WM) resources.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the preconditions for proactive control using the Stroop task.
  • To examine the role of experience, external cues, and WM load on proactive control.

Main Methods:

  • Four experiments manipulated stimuli proportions, participant expectations, external cues, and WM load in the Stroop task.
  • A novel approach focused on task conflict and its modulation by experimental conditions.

Main Results:

  • Pre-experimental exposure to incongruent stimuli initiated proactive control, which ceased after the control episode.
  • Proactive control necessitates available WM resources; limited WM prevents its engagement.
  • Experiencing incongruent trials is necessary but not sufficient for proactive control.

Conclusions:

  • Proactive control is episode-specific and contingent upon both experience and sufficient WM resources.
  • Findings refine conflict monitoring models by specifying preconditions for proactive control.