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Related Concept Videos

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object01:24

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

737
Magnetic dipoles in magnetic materials are aligned when placed under an external magnetic field. For paramagnets and ferromagnets, dipole alignment occurs in the direction of the magnetic field. However, the dipoles align opposite to the field in the case of diamagnets. This state of magnetic polarization due to the external field is called magnetization. Magnetization is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume. It plays a similar role to polarization in electrostatics.
The vector...
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Paramagnetism01:30

Paramagnetism

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Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...
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Diamagnetism01:26

Diamagnetism

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Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets....
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Motional Emf01:22

Motional Emf

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Magnetic flux depends on three factors: the strength of the magnetic field, the area through which the field lines pass, and the field's orientation with respect to the surface area. If any of these quantities vary, a corresponding variation in magnetic flux occurs. If the area through which the magnetic field lines are passing changes, then the magnetic flux also changes. This change in the area can be of two types: the flux through the rectangular loop increases as it moves into the...
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Magnetic Moment of an Electron01:23

Magnetic Moment of an Electron

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Electrons revolving around a nucleus are analogous to a circular current carrying loop. This current produces a magnetic dipole moment proportional to the electron's orbital angular momentum. Since the orbital angular momentum is quantized in terms of the reduced Planck's constant, the dipole moment is quantized in the Bohr Magneton. The value of the Bohr magneton is 9.27 x 10-24 Am2. Electrons also have an intrinsic spin angular momentum, and the associated spin magnetic moment is...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 4, 2026

Building Langmuir Probes and Emissive Probes for Plasma Potential Measurements in Low Pressure, Low Temperature Plasmas
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Electron Demagnetization in a Magnetically Expanding Plasma.

Justin M Little1, Edgar Y Choueiri2

  • 1Space Propulsion and Advanced Concepts Engineering (SPACE) Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98015, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|November 9, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Electron demagnetization in magnetic nozzles was experimentally verified. Finite electron Larmor radius effects were confirmed, providing a metric to maintain electron magnetization and prevent plasma plume divergence.

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Area of Science:

  • Plasma Physics
  • Space Propulsion

Background:

  • Electron demagnetization is crucial for plasma flow and detachment in magnetic nozzles.
  • Understanding this process is key for advanced plasma propulsion systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally investigate electron demagnetization in a magnetically expanding plasma.
  • To provide the first experimental evidence of finite electron Larmor radius (FELR) demagnetization.
  • To establish an empirical metric for FELR effects in magnetic nozzles.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a radio-frequency (rf) plasma source and a magnetic nozzle (MN).
  • Measured the plasma potential spatial profile to identify ion-confining surfaces.
  • Analyzed the scaling of potential surface extent with the electron Larmor radius.

Main Results:

  • Observed an ion-confining potential surface extending along the outermost magnetic flux surface.
  • Demonstrated that the downstream extent of this surface inversely scales with the electron Larmor radius.
  • Provided the first experimental validation of FELR-driven electron demagnetization.

Conclusions:

  • The findings confirm theoretical predictions for electron demagnetization via FELR effects.
  • An empirical metric based on electron and magnetic flux surface separation was established.
  • A critical magnetic field strength was identified to ensure electron magnetization through the MN turning point, preventing premature plume divergence.