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Related Concept Videos

Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Neuroplasticity01:01

Neuroplasticity

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Neuroplasticity reflects the brain's remarkable capacity to adapt and evolve, responding dynamically to learning, experiences, or injury by reorganizing its neural circuitry. This reorganization involves creating new neural connections and refining old ones through a series of biological processes that contribute to the brain's lifelong development and adaptability.
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Long-term Depression01:03

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Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Long-term Depression01:05

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Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

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Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 4, 2026

Investigating Long-term Synaptic Plasticity in Interlamellar Hippocampus CA1 by Electrophysiological Field Recording
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Investigating Long-term Synaptic Plasticity in Interlamellar Hippocampus CA1 by Electrophysiological Field Recording

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Rapid Cortical Plasticity Supports Long-Term Memory Formation.

Melissa Hebscher1, Erik Wing2, Jennifer Ryan3

  • 1Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.

Trends in Cognitive Sciences
|November 10, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Recent findings challenge memory consolidation theory, showing rapid cortical engram formation within days. This rapid learning, supported by cortical hubs and sensorimotor activation, enables hippocampal-independent memories.

Keywords:
cortical learningengramshippocampuslong-term memory

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Last Updated: Jan 4, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Memory Research

Background:

  • The standard systems consolidation theory suggests memories initially rely on the hippocampus, gradually transferring to the neocortex over extended periods.
  • Emerging research indicates rapid formation of cortical engrams, supporting memories independently of the hippocampus within hours or days of learning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a neurobiological mechanism for rapid cortical learning and hippocampal-independent memory formation.
  • To investigate the role of cortical hubs and sensorimotor cortices in accelerated memory consolidation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent animal and human research on memory consolidation.
  • Theoretical proposal of neurobiological mechanisms including synchronous activation, synaptic unmasking, and disinhibition.

Main Results:

  • Identified conditions promoting rapid cortical learning: prior knowledge relatedness, action-oriented knowledge activation, and repeated retrieval.
  • Proposed that synchronous activation of sensorimotor cortices by cortical hubs facilitates rapid engram formation.

Conclusions:

  • Cortical hubs may drive rapid memory consolidation through synchronized sensorimotor activity.
  • Latent synaptic connections and rapid synaptic remodeling via disinhibition are candidate mechanisms for swift memory encoding.