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Brain Imaging

Brain Imaging

Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
These technologies include computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scans), positron-emission tomography (PET scans), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and Transcranial Magnetic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Mapping Inhibitory Neuronal Circuits by Laser Scanning Photostimulation

Mapping Inhibitory Neuronal Circuits by Laser Scanning Photostimulation

Published on: October 6, 2011

Non-invasive Neuromodulation Targeting Approach by Mapping Stimulations and Lesions That Modify Visual Memory.

Simon Kwon^1,2, Soyoung Lee^1,2, Joshua S Siegel³

¹Mass General Brigham, USA.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology

|April 27, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Neuromodulation targets for visual memory are age-dependent. Brain stimulation and lesion mapping reveal specific networks for visual memory, with effects differing based on age at injury or stimulation.

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Last Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Mapping Inhibitory Neuronal Circuits by Laser Scanning Photostimulation

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Published on: October 6, 2011

Neuronavigation-guided Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Aphasia

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Published on: May 6, 2016

Laser-scanning Photostimulation of Optogenetically Targeted Forebrain Circuits

Laser-scanning Photostimulation of Optogenetically Targeted Forebrain Circuits

Published on: December 27, 2013

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cognitive Neurology
Neuromodulation

Background:

Therapeutic brain stimulation aims to target specific neural networks, but precise targeting for memory remains challenging.
Current methods often map connectivity of lesions and stimulation sites to symptoms, yielding networks for global memory but lacking specificity for distinct memory types.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify and map neural networks associated with specific memory types, particularly visual memory, using connectivity data from stimulation and lesion studies.
To investigate the influence of age at the time of injury or stimulation on these memory networks.
To identify optimal neuromodulation targets for memory enhancement based on derived networks.

Main Methods:

Connectivity mapping of stimulation sites, lesions, and atrophy patterns across three datasets (TMS, head trauma, stroke) totaling 544 individuals.
Analysis of age-dependent effects on visual memory networks, validated in a preclinical Alzheimer's disease dataset (N=1240).
Electrical field modeling of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) sites to identify optimal neuromodulation targets intersecting with identified networks.

Main Results:

A distinct network linked to visual memory changes was identified, with lesion and stimulation effects showing an inverted direction based on age.
This age-dependent effect was replicated in an independent cohort with preclinical Alzheimer's disease.
Derived neuromodulation targets intersected with known effective sites like the precuneus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, with peak intersections in the medial posterior parietal lobe and angular gyrus.

Conclusions:

Neuromodulation targets for visual memory are distinct and show age-dependent effects.
The medial posterior parietal lobe and angular gyrus are promising targets for neuromodulation aimed at visual memory.
Further clinical trials are necessary to compare the efficacy of these identified targets.