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Plasma trimethylamine N-oxide, a gut microbe-generated phosphatidylcholine metabolite, is associated with autism
Lijuan Quan1, Jinping Yi2, Yue Zhao1
1Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
Objective:
The compositions of the gut microbiota and its metabolites were altered in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The aim of this study was to assess whether plasma levels of gut-derived metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) were associated with ASD and the degree of symptom severity.
Methods:
From September 2017 to January 2019, a total of three hundred and twenty-eight Chinese children (164 with ASD and 164 their age-sex matched control subjects) aged 3-8 years were included. TMAO levels in plasma were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the TMAO-ASD association.
Results:
In the study, the median age of the ASD group was 5 years (interquartile range [IQR], 4-6 years) and 129 (78.7%) were boys. The median plasma levels of TMAO in children with ASD and typically-developing (TD) children at admission were 4.2 (IQR, 3.0-5.6) μmol/l and 3.0 (2.0-4.4) μmol/l, respectively (P < 0.001). For each 1 μmol/l increase of plasma TMAO, the unadjusted and adjusted risk of ASD would be increased by 54% (with the odds ratios [OR] of 1.54; 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 1.32-1.78; P < 0.001) and 27% (1.27 [1.10-1.45], P < 0.001), respectively. Symptom severity was classified as mild-to-moderate (CARS < 37) for 66 children with ASD (40.2%). In these children, the plasma levels of TMAO were lower than in the 98 children with ASD (59.8%) whose symptoms were classified as severe (CARS > 36) (3.5[2.5-4.9] μmol/l vs. 4.5(3.7-6.0) μmol/l; P < 0.001). For each 1 μmol/l increase of plasma TMAO, the unadjusted and adjusted risk of severe autism would be increased by 61% (with the OR of 1.61 [95% CI 1.28-2.01], P < 0.001) and 31% (1.31 [1.08-1.49], P < 0.001), respectively.
Conclusions:
Elevated plasma levels of TMAO were associated with ASD and symptom severity.
Insights
Higher plasma levels of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a gut-derived metabolite, are linked to an increased risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in children. Elevated TMAO also correlates with greater ASD symptom severity.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Metabolomics
- Pediatrics
Background:
- Gut microbiota alterations are observed in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).
- Specific gut-derived metabolites may play a role in ASD pathophysiology.
- Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a metabolite produced by gut bacteria.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the association between plasma TMAO levels and ASD in children.
- To determine if TMAO levels correlate with the severity of ASD symptoms.
Main Methods:
- A case-control study included 164 children with ASD and 164 typically developing controls (ages 3-8).
- Plasma TMAO levels were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS).
- Logistic regression analysis was employed to assess associations.
Main Results:
- Children with ASD exhibited significantly higher median plasma TMAO levels compared to controls (4.2 vs. 3.0 μmol/l).
- Increased plasma TMAO levels were associated with a higher risk of ASD.
- Higher TMAO levels were also correlated with increased ASD symptom severity.
Conclusions:
- Elevated plasma TMAO levels are associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder in children.
- TMAO may serve as a potential biomarker for ASD and its symptom severity.
