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Radioactivity is a spontaneous disintegration of an unstable nuclide and is a random process, as all the nuclei in the sample do not decay simultaneously. The number of disintegrations per unit time is called the activity (A), which is directly proportional to the number of nuclei in the sample. The decay constant (λ) is an average probability of decay per nucleus in unit time.
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Nuclear chemistry is the study of reactions that involve changes in nuclear structure. The nucleus of an atom is composed of protons and, except for hydrogen, neutrons. The number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number (Z) of the element, and the sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons is the mass number (A). Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers are isotopes of the same element.
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The difference between the calculated and experimentally measured masses is known as the mass defect of the atom. In the case of helium-4, the mass defect indicates a “loss” in mass of 4.0331 amu – 4.0026 amu = 0.0305 amu. The loss in mass accompanying the formation of an atom from protons, neutrons, and electrons is due to the conversion of that mass into energy that is evolved as the atom forms. The nuclear binding energy is the energy produced when the atoms’ nucleons are bound...
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Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger binding energies per nucleon—that is, mass numbers and binding energies per nucleon that are closer to the “peak” of the binding energy graph near 56. Sometimes neutrons are also produced. This decomposition of a large nucleus into smaller pieces is called fission. The breaking is rather random with the formation of a large...
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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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In the early 1900s, English chemist Frederick Soddy realized that an element could have atoms with different masses that were chemically indistinguishable. These different types are called isotopes — atoms of the same element that differ in mass. Isotopes differ in mass because they have different numbers of neutrons but are chemically identical because they have the same number of protons. Soddy was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1921 for this discovery.
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Nuclide++: A C++ module to include DDEP recommended radioactive decay Data in Geant4.

C Thiam1, C Dulieu1, X Mougeot1

  • 1CEA, LIST, Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel (LNE-LNHB), Bât 602, PC111, CEA Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.

Applied Radiation and Isotopes : Including Data, Instrumentation and Methods for Use in Agriculture, Industry and Medicine
|November 11, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Nuclide++ simulates radionuclide decay pathways using recommended data and accurate calculations. This C++ module offers a reliable alternative for radioactive source simulations within Geant4 applications.

Keywords:
DDEP dataGeant4 simulationRadioactive decay

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Physics
  • Computational Physics
  • Radiation Detection and Measurement

Background:

  • Accurate simulation of radioactive decay is crucial for various applications, including radiation detection and nuclear safety.
  • Existing simulation tools may have limitations in handling complex decay schemes or specific data requirements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce Nuclide++, a novel C++ module for simulating radionuclide decay schemes.
  • To provide an alternative to the Radioactive Decay Module (RDM) within the Geant4 simulation toolkit.
  • To leverage up-to-date nuclear decay data and advanced calculation methods.

Main Methods:

  • Development of the Nuclide++ module in C++, adhering to Geant4 coding standards.
  • Random selection of decay pathways for simulating single or multiple radionuclide decays.
  • Utilization of the Database of Deuterium-Tritium Exchange Pathways (DDEP) recommended data.
  • Implementation of accurate beta-emitting spectra calculations and detailed atomic rearrangement descriptions.

Main Results:

  • Nuclide++ successfully simulates decay schemes for various radionuclides.
  • The module demonstrates accurate beta-emitting spectra and atomic rearrangement.
  • Comparisons with selected radionuclides validate the reliability of Nuclide++.

Conclusions:

  • Nuclide++ is a robust and reliable module for simulating radionuclide decay.
  • It serves as a valuable alternative to existing modules in Geant4-based simulations.
  • The module's capabilities are particularly beneficial for applications involving radioactive sources.