Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Precipitation Processes

Precipitation Processes

The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...

Methods of Obtaining Topography

Methods of Obtaining Topography

Topography involves measuring and mapping land elevations, natural features, and artificial structures to create accurate representations of the terrain. Topographic surveying relies on traditional and modern methods, each with distinct advantages and limitations.Traditional Surveying Methods:Transit stadia surveys and plane table surveys were widely used traditional surveying methods. These techniques relied on instruments like theodolites and stadia rods for measuring distances and angles,...

Boundary Layer Characteristics

Boundary Layer Characteristics

When a fluid encounters a solid surface, a boundary layer forms due to the interaction between the fluid's motion and the stationary surface. This phenomenon is characterized by a thin region adjacent to the surface where viscous forces dominate, influencing the fluid's velocity profile. The development of the boundary layer begins at the leading edge of the surface and evolves as the fluid moves downstream.As the fluid flows over the surface, friction between the fluid and the wall slows down...

Sampling Methods: Overview

Sampling Methods: Overview

A sample refers to a smaller subset representative of a larger population. In analytical chemistry, studying or analyzing an entire population is often impractical or impossible. Therefore, samples are used to draw inferences and generalize the whole population. The sampling method selects individuals or items from a population to create a sample. Standard sampling methods include random, judgemental, systematic, stratified, and cluster sampling.
In analytical chemistry, the choice of...

Design Example: Analyzing Capacity Contours for Flood Risk Assessment

Design Example: Analyzing Capacity Contours for Flood Risk Assessment

Flood risk assessment involves careful planning and analysis to ensure the safety of communities near water retention structures. Capacity contours are a vital tool in this process, as they illustrate the potential spread of water at specific levels in a given area. In the context of building a bund across a small valley, these contours play a critical role in evaluating the safety of nearby residential areas.In this example, the bund is intended to store stormwater in the valley. The engineers...

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Fate of turbid glacial inflows in a hydroelectric reservoir.

Environmental fluid mechanics (Dordrecht, Netherlands : 2001)·2021

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 4, 2026

Leaf Area Index Estimation Using Three Distinct Methods in Pure Deciduous Stands

Leaf Area Index Estimation Using Three Distinct Methods in Pure Deciduous Stands

Published on: August 29, 2019

Volume Averaging for Urban Canopies.

Manuel F Schmid¹, Gregory A Lawrence¹, Marc B Parlange²

¹1Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada.

Boundary-Layer Meteorology

|November 12, 2019

Summary

Understanding canopy flow requires careful consideration of averaging methods. Intrinsic and superficial averages yield different results when solid canopy elements are present, impacting flow profile interpretations.

Keywords:

Double-averaging Spatial averaging Urban roughness sublayer Velocity profiles

More Related Videos

Field Measurement of Effective Leaf Area Index using Optical Device in Vegetation Canopy

Field Measurement of Effective Leaf Area Index using Optical Device in Vegetation Canopy

Published on: July 29, 2021

PARbars: Cheap, Easy to Build Ceptometers for Continuous Measurement of Light Interception in Plant Canopies

PARbars: Cheap, Easy to Build Ceptometers for Continuous Measurement of Light Interception in Plant Canopies

Published on: May 9, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 4, 2026

Leaf Area Index Estimation Using Three Distinct Methods in Pure Deciduous Stands

Leaf Area Index Estimation Using Three Distinct Methods in Pure Deciduous Stands

Published on: August 29, 2019

Field Measurement of Effective Leaf Area Index using Optical Device in Vegetation Canopy

Field Measurement of Effective Leaf Area Index using Optical Device in Vegetation Canopy

Published on: July 29, 2021

PARbars: Cheap, Easy to Build Ceptometers for Continuous Measurement of Light Interception in Plant Canopies

PARbars: Cheap, Easy to Build Ceptometers for Continuous Measurement of Light Interception in Plant Canopies

Published on: May 9, 2019

Area of Science:

Fluid dynamics
Environmental science
Urban meteorology

Background:

Spatial averaging of canopy flows is crucial for understanding mean profiles.
Previous studies often assumed negligible solid volume fraction, limiting applicability.
Non-negligible solid volume fractions introduce complexities in averaging methods.

Purpose of the Study:

To review and discuss volume averaging methods for canopy flows.
To highlight the impact of non-negligible solid volume fractions on mean profiles.
To apply averaging concepts to urban canopy flow scenarios.

Main Methods:

Exploration of intrinsic and superficial averaging definitions.
Analysis of spatial averaging properties in porous media flow.
Simulation of flow over constant-height cubes for illustration.

Main Results:

Intrinsic averages are relevant for non-linear terms; superficial averages for gradients.
Inconsistencies arise when solid volume fraction is ignored.
Mean profiles are significantly affected by the choice of averaging method.

Conclusions:

Careful consideration of averaging methods is essential for accurate urban canopy flow modeling.
The impact of solid volume fraction must be accounted for in derived mathematical relations.
Volume averaging provides a robust framework for analyzing complex canopy flows.