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Related Concept Videos

Horizontal Gene Transfer01:27

Horizontal Gene Transfer

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Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is a process where genetic material moves between organisms within the same generation, unlike vertical gene transfer, which occurs from parent to offspring. HGT plays a crucial role in microbial evolution, adaptation, and survival, particularly in shared environments like the human gut.Mobile genetic elements such as plasmids, prophages, integrons, insertion sequences, and transposons facilitate this process. HGT occurs through three primary mechanisms:...
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Genetic transfer occurs when genetic information is passed from one organism to another. It occurs via two mechanisms: vertical gene transfer and horizontal gene transfer. Vertical gene transfer occurs when genetic information is transferred from one generation to the next, which happens much more frequently than horizontal gene transfer. Both sexual and asexual reproduction are forms of vertical gene transfer, where one or more organisms pass some or all of their genome onto their progeny.
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Transduction01:16

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Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome...
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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).
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Conditional Genetic Transsynaptic Tracing in the Embryonic Mouse Brain
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Tree-metrizable HGT networks.

Michael Hendriksen1, Andrew Francis1

  • 1Centre for Research in Mathematics, Western Sydney University, Australia.

Mathematical Biosciences
|November 13, 2019
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Phylogenetic networks, including those with horizontal gene transfer (HGT), can display tree metrics. This study characterizes tree-metrized networks with multiple reticulations, expanding on previous work with single reticulations.

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Area of Science:

  • Computational Biology
  • Phylogenetics
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Phylogenetic trees are commonly built using distance metrics between taxa.
  • The 'four point condition' (Buneman, 1971) is necessary for a metric to be uniquely displayed by a tree.
  • Phylogenetic networks, which allow for reticulate evolution, may also display tree metrics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the possibility of phylogenetic networks displaying tree metrics.
  • To characterize 'tree-metrized' networks, particularly those involving horizontal gene transfer (HGT).
  • To determine if networks with multiple reticulations can display tree metrics.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical characterization of phylogenetic networks that display tree metrics.
  • Analysis of networks with reticulations, specifically focusing on horizontal gene transfer (HGT) events.
  • Extension of previous work on single-reticulation tree-metrized networks.

Main Results:

  • Phylogenetic networks, not just trees, can display metrics satisfying the four-point condition.
  • Previously, only tree-metrized networks with a single reticulation were characterized.
  • This study demonstrates that horizontal gene transfer (HGT) networks can be tree-metrized and contain numerous reticulations.

Conclusions:

  • The concept of tree-metrized networks extends beyond simple trees and single reticulations.
  • Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) networks provide a relevant biological context where complex tree-metrized networks can arise.
  • This finding broadens our understanding of how evolutionary histories can be represented using phylogenetic networks.