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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 4, 2026

Operant Conditioning Task to Measure Song Preference in Zebra Finches

Operant Conditioning Task to Measure Song Preference in Zebra Finches

Published on: December 26, 2019

Parrots do not show inequity aversion.

Anastasia Krasheninnikova^1,2, Désirée Brucks^3,4, Nina Buffenoir⁴

¹Max-Planck-Institute for Ornithology, Eberhard-Gwinner-Str., 82319, Seewiesen, Germany. akrashe@orn.mpg.de.

Scientific Reports

|November 13, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Parrots do not appear to exhibit inequity aversion, a behavior seen in other species to stabilize cooperation. This may be due to their long-term pair bonds and the high costs of partner change.

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Area of Science:

Behavioral Ecology
Comparative Psychology
Animal Cognition

Background:

Inequity aversion, a negative reaction to unequal treatment, is hypothesized to stabilize cooperation among non-kin.
This behavior is thought to be adaptive primarily in species that switch cooperative partners.
Previous studies on inequity aversion in mammals, corvids, and one parrot species (kea) have yielded mixed results.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the phylogenetic distribution of inequity aversion by testing four parrot species.
To determine if parrots exhibit inequity aversion in response to unequal reward quality and effort.

Main Methods:

The token exchange paradigm was used to assess inequity aversion in dyads of four parrot species.
Experimental conditions varied the quality of rewards and the effort required for token exchange.
Behavioral responses to equal and unequal reward distributions were recorded.

Main Results:

Blue-headed macaws and African grey parrots did not react to unequal reward quality.
While larger macaws showed reduced token exchange in unequal conditions, this was not attributed to inequity aversion.
No parrot species responded to inequity related to the effort required for rewards.

Conclusions:

Parrots may not exhibit inequity aversion, contrasting with findings in some other species.
The lack of inequity aversion in parrots could be linked to their long-term pair bonding and high partner-switching costs.
Further research is needed to understand the evolutionary basis of cooperation and fairness in avian species.