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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Protein Sorting01:34

Nuclear Protein Sorting

6.1K
Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry nuclear localization signals or NLS recognized by import receptors in the cytosol. Similarly, proteins with nuclear export signals are recognized by export receptors. Import and export receptors are...
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Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

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Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
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Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

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Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting01:45

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting

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Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
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Nuclear Localization Signals and Import01:46

Nuclear Localization Signals and Import

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Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry short stretches of amino acid sequences called the nuclear localization signal or NLS. Classical nuclear localization signals are of two types: monopartite and bipartite NLS. Monopartite classical NLS (cNLS) consists of a single cluster of 4-8 amino acids. Bipartite cNLS consists of two clusters of  2-3 amino acids and a 9-12 residue long proline-rich linker bridging the two clusters. Signal clusters are rich in positively charged amino acids such as...
7.5K
Nuclear Export01:42

Nuclear Export

4.8K
The nucleus restricts several proteins within and allows others to pass. The restricted proteins possess a nuclear retention sequence or NRS, anchoring them to the nuclear lamins and preventing their transport to the cytosol. The non-restricted proteins, after their synthesis, are transported to their site of action, such as the cytosol or other organelles, with the help of nuclear export signals or NES.
NES are of three types- the canonical 10-residue long leucine-rich signal and other...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 4, 2026

Preparation of Cytoplasmic and Nuclear Long RNAs from Primary and Cultured Cells
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Preparation of Cytoplasmic and Nuclear Long RNAs from Primary and Cultured Cells

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Nuclear sorting of RNA.

William Garland1, Torben Heick Jensen1

  • 1Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus C., Denmark.

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. RNA
|November 13, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review explores how cells manage RNA sorting and localization, focusing on how messenger RNA (mRNA) and noncoding RNA (ncRNA) navigate nuclear export and decay pathways.

Keywords:
RNA decayRNA exosome complexRNA retentionRNA sorting

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • The mammalian genome extensively transcribes noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) alongside messenger RNAs (mRNAs) via RNA polymerase II.
  • mRNA biogenesis involves coupled processing for cytoplasmic export, with nuclear surveillance pathways preventing aberrant transcript release.
  • Many long ncRNAs are retained in the nucleus and must evade decay to perform their functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pathways and factors governing RNA sorting and localization within eukaryotic cells.
  • To explain how RNA transcripts, particularly ncRNAs, combat nuclear decay mechanisms.
  • To highlight the importance of ribonucleoprotein complex formation in determining RNA fate.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current understanding in RNA biology.
  • Analysis of nuclear RNA export, import, and turnover/surveillance mechanisms.
  • Examination of protein-RNA interactions in functional implications.

Main Results:

  • RNA sorting and localization are crucial cellular activities.
  • Ribonucleoprotein complex formation early in RNA synthesis is key to transcript fate.
  • ncRNAs employ specific strategies to evade nuclear decay pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding RNA fate determination is essential for comprehending gene expression regulation.
  • Cellular mechanisms actively control RNA localization and stability.
  • Further research into ncRNA nuclear retention and decay evasion is warranted.