Traction load, tong position, and head support significantly influence cervical spine loading during traction

Area of Science:

• Biomechanics
• Orthopedic Surgery
• Spinal Injury Management

Background:

• Cervical dislocation injuries often require acute traction treatment using Gardner-Wells tongs.
• Current traction techniques lack methodical study regarding load transmission to the cervical spine.

Purpose of the Study:

• To investigate the mechanical effects of different cervical traction techniques.
• To analyze how variations in Gardner-Wells tongs application influence cervical spine loading.

Main Methods:

• Utilized a Hybrid anthropomorphic test device simulating a male with unilateral facet dislocation.
• Measured loads at the atlanto-occipital joint under progressive traction (up to one-third body weight).
• Evaluated effects of pin position, traction cable angle, and occipital support.

Main Results:

• Traction load magnitude was the sole predictor of cervical tension.
• Anterior-posterior pin position changes significantly affected cervical flexion-extension moment and anterior-posterior shear.
• Posteriorly biased pins with occipital support generated combined cervical tension, flexion moment, and anterior shear.
• Increased traction cable angle amplified cervical flexion moment and anterior shear force.

Conclusions:

• Cervical traction parameters like load magnitude, pin position, occipital support, and cable angle critically influence cervical spine loading.
• Careful consideration of these variables is essential for effective and safe cervical traction application.