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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...

The Thyroid Gland

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

Drug Administration and Therapy Phases: Overview

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 3, 2026

Author Spotlight: Integrating Ultrasound Imaging with Biochemical Markers for Thyroid Disease Diagnosis

Author Spotlight: Integrating Ultrasound Imaging with Biochemical Markers for Thyroid Disease Diagnosis

Published on: February 9, 2024

Correction to: Thyroid hormone therapy: past, present, and future.

David S Cooper^1,2, Leonidas H Duntas³

¹Evgenideion Hospital, Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 20 Papadiamantopoulou Str., 11528, Athens, Greece. dscooper@jhmi.edu.

|November 14, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study has a published amendment. Please refer to the link at the top of the paper for the updated version and revised findings.

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Area of Science:

This section is not applicable as the abstract does not contain scientific information.

Context:

The provided abstract indicates that an amendment to the paper has been published.

Purpose:

The purpose of this communication is to inform readers about a published amendment to the paper.

Summary:

An amendment to the original paper is now available.
Readers can access the updated version via a link provided at the top of the paper.

Impact:

This ensures readers are aware of and can access the most current and accurate version of the research.
Facilitates informed interpretation of the study's findings by referencing the amended content.