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Related Concept Videos

RNA Structure01:19

RNA Structure

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The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
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RNA Structure01:23

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Overview
The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
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Nucleic Acid Structure01:25

Nucleic Acid Structure

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The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group on the ribose's second carbon and a hydrogen on the deoxyribose's second carbon. The phosphate residue attaches to the hydroxyl group of the 5′ carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3′ carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide, which forms  a 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage.
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RNA Splicing01:32

RNA Splicing

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Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
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Bacterial Transcription01:53

Bacterial Transcription

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RNA polymerase (RNAP) carries out DNA-dependent RNA synthesis in both bacteria and eukaryotes. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus. So, transcription and translation occur simultaneously, on the same DNA template.
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Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes02:42

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Transcriptional attenuation occurs when RNA transcription is prematurely terminated due to the formation of a terminator mRNA hairpin structure.  Bacteria use these hairpins to regulate the transcription process and control the synthesis of several amino acids including histidine, lysine, threonine, and phenylalanine. Transcription attenuation takes place in the non-coding regions of mRNA.
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Single-Molecule Fluorescence Visualization of DNA Polymerase Dynamics at G-Quadruplexes
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Single-Molecule Fluorescence Visualization of DNA Polymerase Dynamics at G-Quadruplexes

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G-quadruplex structures trigger RNA phase separation.

Yueying Zhang1, Minglei Yang1, Susan Duncan1,2,3

  • 1Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.

Nucleic Acids Research
|November 14, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

RNA G-quadruplexes (GQs) trigger phase separation in cells. This study reveals how RNA structural motifs, like GQs in SHORT ROOT (SHR) mRNA, drive cellular phase separation, impacting biological processes.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Liquid-liquid phase separation is crucial for cellular processes, often driven by proteins.
  • The role of RNA in driving phase separation is less understood.
  • SHORT ROOT (SHR) RNA exhibits a phase-separation-like phenomenon in cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying RNA-driven phase separation.
  • To determine the role of RNA structural motifs in phase separation.
  • To explore the contribution of G-quadruplexes (GQs) in SHR mRNA to phase separation.

Main Methods:

  • Observation of phase-separation-like behavior in SHR RNA within cells.
  • Analysis of G-quadruplex (GQ) formation in SHR mRNA.
  • Investigation of factors influencing GQ-triggered phase separation.

Main Results:

  • An RNA G-quadruplex (GQ) forms in SHR mRNA and triggers phase separation under physiological conditions.
  • The extent of GQ-triggered phase separation is enhanced by conditions promoting GQ formation.
  • GQs with more G-quartets and longer loops show increased propensity for phase separation.

Conclusions:

  • RNA G-quadruplexes can trigger and maintain specificity in RNA-driven phase separation.
  • This study provides the first evidence for RNA structural motifs driving cellular phase separation.
  • Findings elucidate the role of RNA structure in organizing cellular components and processes.