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Related Concept Videos

Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction01:20

Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction

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Mitral regurgitation is characterized by the backward circulation of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during systole, a phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts and pumps blood out of the chambers. This abnormal flow occurs primarily due to the dysfunction of the mitral valve or its supporting structures, which include the mitral leaflets, chordae tendineae, annulus, and papillary muscles.Etiology and Mechanisms:Primary Mitral Regurgitation: This type arises from...
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Mitral Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:23

Mitral Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

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Mitral regurgitation (MR) is a valvular heart disorder in which the mitral valve fails to close tightly, allowing blood to leak backward into the heart. Understanding the clinical manifestations, assessment, diagnostic findings, and medical management of MR is crucial to effectively managing affected patients.Clinical Manifestations of Mitral RegurgitationMitral regurgitation can be acute or chronic, each presenting differently and requiring different approaches:1. Acute Mitral...
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Mitral Valve Prolapse I: Introduction01:27

Mitral Valve Prolapse I: Introduction

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IntroductionThe mitral valve, one of the heart's four valves, regulates blood flow. These valves have flaps that open and close to direct blood properly through the heart and body. During each heartbeat, the flaps open for blood to pass through and seal shut to prevent backflow. Specifically, the mitral valve opens to allow blood flow from the heart's upper left chamber to the lower left chamber. It then closes securely as the lower left chamber contracts to pump blood to the body, preventing...
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Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction01:22

Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction

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Mitral Valve Stenosis (MVS) is a heart condition where the mitral valve narrows, impeding blood circulation from the left atrium to the left ventricle. The etiology and pathophysiology of this condition are multifaceted, leading to a cascade of cardiovascular complications.Causes of Mitral Valve StenosisRheumatic Heart Disease: It is the main cause of mitral valve stenosis, particularly in developing nations. This condition arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory illness resulting from...
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Mitral Regurgitation IV: Nursing Management01:28

Mitral Regurgitation IV: Nursing Management

269
Mitral regurgitation (MR) is a condition where the mitral valve does not close properly, leading to the backward flow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium during systole. This condition can arise from various causes, including rheumatic fever, infective endocarditis, or degenerative valve disease. Effective nursing management is crucial to optimizing patient outcomes and involves comprehensive assessment and targeted interventions.Comprehensive Patient AssessmentA detailed...
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Mitral Regurgitation III: Medical Management01:25

Mitral Regurgitation III: Medical Management

230
Mitral regurgitation (MR) is characterized by retrograde blood circulation from the left ventricle into the left atrium due to inadequate mitral valve closure. The severity of the condition, symptoms, and underlying cause determine treatment strategies.Monitoring and Pharmacological TreatmentPatients with mild to moderate MR typically do not need immediate intervention but regular monitoring to assess progression and guide treatment. Patients with mild MR should have an echocardiogram every 3-5...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 3, 2026

An Image Guided Transapical Mitral Valve Leaflet Puncture Model of Controlled Volume Overload from Mitral Regurgitation in the Rat
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Functional mitral regurgitation, updated: ventricular or atrial?

Yukio Abe1, Yosuke Takahashi2, Toshihiko Shibata2

  • 1Department of Cardiology, Osaka City General Hospital, 2-13-22 Miyakojima-hondori, Miyakojima-ku, Osaka, 534-0021, Japan. abeyukio@aol.com.

Journal of Echocardiography
|November 16, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Lone atrial fibrillation (AF) can cause atrial functional mitral regurgitation (AFMR), a significant factor in heart failure. Understanding AFMR etiologies and classifications is crucial for effective therapeutic targeting in patients with AF.

Keywords:
Atrial fibrillationAtrial functional mitral regurgitationEchocardiographyValvular heart diseaseVentricular functional mitral regurgitation

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High-frequency High-resolution Echocardiography: First Evidence on Non-invasive Repeated Measure of Myocardial Strain, Contractility, and Mitral Regurgitation in the Ischemia-reperfused Murine Heart
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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Cardiac Physiology

Background:

  • Lone atrial fibrillation (AF) is increasingly recognized as a cause of heart failure via functional mitral regurgitation (MR).
  • Atrial functional MR (AFMR) is a significant therapeutic target in heart failure patients with AF.
  • The precise etiologies and cascade of AFMR remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the etiologies and classifications of atrial functional MR (AFMR).
  • To differentiate AFMR from ventricular functional MR (VFMR).
  • To discuss the relationship between AFMR, VFMR, and left ventricular/atrial size and function.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on AFMR and VFMR.
  • Discussion of Carpentier classification for AFMR and VFMR.
  • Analysis of the impact of left atrial and left ventricular dimensions and function.

Main Results:

  • AFMR can stem from mitral annular dilatation due to left atrial enlargement.
  • AFMR often presents as Carpentier type I with a central jet, but can also be a mixed type (I/IIIb) with an eccentric jet.
  • Ventricular functional MR (VFMR) is distinct from AFMR and is classified as Carpentier type IIIb.

Conclusions:

  • AFMR is a critical contributor to heart failure in AF patients.
  • Distinguishing AFMR from VFMR is essential for appropriate management.
  • Further research into the etiologic cascade of AFMR is warranted.