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Related Concept Videos

Parkinson's Disease: Overview01:15

Parkinson's Disease: Overview

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Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is...
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Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), involve the gradual and irreversible destruction of neurons in particular brain areas. These disorders exhibit standard features like proteinopathies, selective vulnerability of some neurons, and an interaction of intrinsic properties, genetics, and environmental influences in neural injury.
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Neural Regulation01:37

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Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
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Role of Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex in Memory01:14

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The cerebellum, while traditionally associated with motor control, also plays a crucial role in memory, particularly in procedural memory, which involves learning motor tasks that become automatic through repetition. For example, studies have shown that when the cerebellum is damaged, individuals or animals lose the ability to learn conditioned motor responses, such as the conditioned eye-blink response in classical conditioning experiments with rabbits. This study demonstrates the...
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Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

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The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
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Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
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Updated: Jan 3, 2026

Characterizing the Relationship Between Eye Movement Parameters and Cognitive Functions in Non-demented Parkinson's Disease Patients with Eye Tracking
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Cingulate cortex in Parkinson's disease.

Brent A Vogt1

  • 1Cingulum Neurosciences Institute, Manlius, NY, United States; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|November 17, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Parkinson's disease (PD) cognitive impairment begins early, involving the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Research shows ACC changes impact memory, executive function, and symptoms like apathy, offering hope for new PD biomarkers.

Keywords:
Anterior cingulateCholinergicDopamineLewy bodyMild cognitive impairmentPosterior cingulateResting state-fMRIVoxel-based morphometryα-Synuclein

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurology
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Cognitive impairment is a significant feature of Parkinson's disease (PD), even in its early stages.
  • The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is implicated early in PD-related cognitive decline.
  • Previous research, including the Braak staging scheme, has highlighted the progression of PD pathology within the cingulate cortex.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of the cingulate cortex in various Parkinson's disease symptoms.
  • To explore neuroimaging and biomarker evidence linking cingulate cortex function to cognitive impairment in PD.
  • To discuss the potential of cingulate cortex-based markers for early PD detection.

Main Methods:

  • Voxel-based morphometry to assess cortical thickness (ACC, PCC).
  • Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) analysis.
  • Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) for white matter integrity (cingulum bundle).
  • Positron Emission Tomography (PET) for dopamine-2 receptor binding.
  • Assessment of cholinergic system changes (nicotinic, muscarinic receptors).

Main Results:

  • Reduced ACC and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) thickness in PD with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).
  • Altered rCBF in PCC and ACC associated with verbal IQ and executive functions.
  • Reduced fractional anisotropy in the cingulum bundle.
  • Impaired dopaminergic pathways in ACC even in cognitively normal PD cases.
  • Donepezil therapy improved cognitive scores and metabolism in pACC and dPCC.

Conclusions:

  • The cingulate cortex is critically involved in multiple PD symptoms, including cognitive impairment, apathy, and visual hallucinations.
  • Early dopaminergic and cholinergic system changes in the ACC are linked to executive and language dysfunction.
  • The cingulate cortex shows promise for developing novel, multimodal biomarkers for early Parkinson's disease detection.