The hippocampus as a visual area organized by space and time: A spatiotemporal similarity hypothesis

The hippocampus is the canonical memory system in the brain and is not typically considered part of the visual system. Yet, it sits atop the ventral visual stream and has been implicated in certain aspects of vision. Here I review the place of the hippocampal memory system in vision science. After a brief primer on the local circuity, external connectivity, and computational functions of the hippocampus, I explore what can be learned from each field about the other. I first present four areas of vision science (scene perception, imagery, eye movements, attention) that challenge our current understanding of the hippocampus in terms of its role in episodic memory. In the reverse direction, I leverage this understanding to inform vision science in other ways, presenting a working hypothesis about a unique form of visual representation. This spatiotemporal similarity hypothesis states that the hippocampus represents objects according to whether they co-occur in space and/or time, and not whether they look alike, as elsewhere in the visual system. This tuning may reflect hippocampal mechanisms of pattern separation, relational binding, and statistical learning, allowing the hippocampus to generate visual expectations to facilitate search and recognition.