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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis01:30

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis

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Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe health condition in which the mean pulmonary arterial pressure increases to 25 mmHg or more, even when the body is at rest. This high pressure in the blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the lungs can cause various symptoms, including shortness of breath, can lead to right heart failure, and significantly affect the overall quality of life.
There are various classifications for PH, each relating to different underlying causes and also...
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Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations01:26

Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations

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Heart failure (HF) manifests primarily as dyspnea, fatigue, and fluid retention, resulting in peripheral and pulmonary edema. Symptoms may vary depending on which ventricle is more affected, left or right.Left-Sided Heart FailureAlso known as left ventricular failure, this condition results from the left ventricle's inability to fill or eject sufficient blood into the systemic circulation. It leads to pulmonary congestion, which occurs when the left ventricle fails to eject blood effectively...
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Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

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Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
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Heart Failure I: Introduction01:27

Heart Failure I: Introduction

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Heart failure refers to a clinical syndrome caused by structural or functional cardiac disorders that prevent the heart from pumping an adequate amount of blood to meet the body's metabolic needs. This condition often arises from myocardial infarction or ischemia, leading to decreased cardiac output, reduced tissue perfusion, impaired gas exchange, fluid volume imbalance, and decreased functional ability.Heart failure can result from disruptions in the mechanisms that regulate cardiac output...
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Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction01:20

Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction

325
Mitral regurgitation is characterized by the backward circulation of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during systole, a phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts and pumps blood out of the chambers. This abnormal flow occurs primarily due to the dysfunction of the mitral valve or its supporting structures, which include the mitral leaflets, chordae tendineae, annulus, and papillary muscles.Etiology and Mechanisms:Primary Mitral Regurgitation: This type arises from...
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Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Oxygen Therapy for Respiratory Failure01:16

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Oxygen Therapy for Respiratory Failure

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Oxygen therapy has emerged as a significant tool in enhancing the quality of life for patients suffering from pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). While this therapy has principally been studied on patients with significant hypoxemia, this therapeutic approach helps prevent potential organ damage and can be administered in the comfort of one's home.
Oxygen therapy is vital in increasing and maintaining blood oxygen levels in PAH patients. As a result, it aids in reducing fatigue,...
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Left Atrial Stenosis Induced Pulmonary Venous Arterialization and Group 2 Pulmonary Hypertension in Rat
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When Pulmonary Hypertension Complicates Heart Failure.

Alberto-Maria Marra1, Nicola Benjamin2, Antonio Cittadini3

  • 1IRCSS SDN, Via Gianturco 113, Naples I-80142, Italy.

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|November 19, 2019
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Summary

Pulmonary hypertension in left-sided heart failure impacts quality of life and survival. Early signs include right atrial dilation, preceding right heart failure.

Keywords:
Chronic heart failureHeart failure with preserved ejection fractionPulmonary hypertensionRight ventricle

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Pulmonary Medicine
  • Heart Failure Research

Background:

  • Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a common complication of chronic left-sided heart failure (PH-LHD).
  • PH-LHD significantly affects patient quality of life, exercise capacity, and survival.
  • Pathophysiology extends beyond pressure transmission, involving atrial dysfunction, inflammation, and vasoconstriction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the multifaceted mechanisms of pulmonary hypertension in chronic left-sided heart failure.
  • To identify early indicators of disease progression in PH-LHD.
  • To understand the sequence of cardiac events leading to right heart failure in PH-LHD.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on PH-LHD pathophysiology.
  • Analysis of hemodynamic and structural changes in the heart and pulmonary vasculature.
  • Correlation of atrial function impairment with pulmonary vascular resistance.

Main Results:

  • Impaired left atrial reservoir function leads to increased pulmonary vascular resistance.
  • Right atrial dilation is an early manifestation of PH-LHD.
  • Progressive right ventricular dilation and dysfunction follow, culminating in right heart failure.

Conclusions:

  • PH-LHD involves complex interactions beyond passive pressure overload.
  • Early detection of right atrial changes is crucial for identifying PH-LHD.
  • Understanding these mechanisms can guide therapeutic strategies for heart failure management.