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Related Concept Videos

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Cell Polarization by Rho Proteins

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Cell polarity is the asymmetric distribution of cellular and membrane components, making one side of the cell different from the other. This polarity is essential to many processes such as embryogenesis, axon migration, glucose transport across epithelial cells, and directional cell migration. A migrating cell responds to intracellular or extracellular signals via molecular cascades that reorganize the actin cytoskeleton to establish this polarity. In these cells, the Rho family proteins Cdc42,...
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Ras and Rho are small monomeric GTPases that act downstream of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and regulate various cellular processes. These GTPases switch between active and inactive states by binding to guanine nucleotides.
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The Ras-gene-encoded proteins are regulators of signaling pathways controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, or cell survival. The Ras-gene family in humans constitutes three primary members—the HRas, NRas, and KRas. These genes code for four functionally distinct yet closely related proteins—the HRas, NRas, KRas4A, and KRas4B. The involvement of mutant Ras genes in human cancer was first discovered in 1982 and is among the most common causes of human tumorigenesis.
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Blebs are a type of membrane protrusion formed by the internal hydrostatic pressure of the cytoplasm. Blebs are observed in several cell types, including fibroblasts, immune cells, and single-celled organisms like the amoeba. The primary function of blebs is cell locomotion and apoptosis, but they are also found during necrosis and cell division. The life cycle of a bleb comprises an initiation phase followed by the expansion and retraction phases.
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Cells migrating in response to external stimuli form lamellipodia, which are thin membrane protrusions supported by a mesh of linked, branched, or unbranched actin filaments. These actin filaments interact with myosin motor proteins, creating the dynamic actomyosin complex within the cytoskeleton. Contractility, or the ability to generate contractile stress, is inherent to the actomyosin complex. It helps cells detect the stiffness of the surrounding ECM and exert contractile force for...
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Contractile rings are composed of microfilaments and are responsible for separating the daughter cells during cytokinesis. Contractile ring assembly proceeds along with other cell cycle events; however, very few mechanistic details are known about the timing and coordination of the contractile rings with the cell cycle.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 3, 2026

Author Spotlight: Optogenetic Inhibition of Rho1-Mediated Actomyosin Contractility Coupled with Measurement of Epithelial Tension in Drosophila Embryos
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Author Spotlight: Optogenetic Inhibition of Rho1-Mediated Actomyosin Contractility Coupled with Measurement of Epithelial Tension in Drosophila Embryos

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Axonal Development: RhoA Restrains but Does Not Specify.

Anton Omelchenko1, Bonnie L Firestein1

  • 1Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.

Current Biology : CB
|November 20, 2019
PubMed
Summary

New findings reveal how neurons initiate and maintain axonal growth, challenging existing views on RhoA

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Neurons establish polarity through specialized dendritic and axonal compartments.
  • Understanding the regulation of axonal growth is crucial for neuronal development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanisms controlling the initiation and maintenance of axonal growth.
  • To re-evaluate the role of RhoA in axogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • The study employed advanced imaging techniques and genetic manipulation in model systems.
  • Specific molecular pathways involved in neuronal polarity were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Evidence presented challenges the established function of RhoA in axogenesis.

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  • Novel regulators of axonal initiation and maintenance were identified.

    • Conclusions:

    • The study provides new insights into the complex regulation of neuronal polarity.
    • Current models of axogenesis need revision based on these findings.