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Color Vision

Color Vision

Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 3, 2026

Electroretinogram Recording for Infants and Children under Anesthesia to Achieve Optimal Dark Adaptation and International Standards

Electroretinogram Recording for Infants and Children under Anesthesia to Achieve Optimal Dark Adaptation and International Standards

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ISCEV extended protocol for the S-cone ERG.

Ido Perlman^1,2, Mineo Kondo³, Enid Chelva⁴

¹Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. iperlman@technion.ac.il.

Documenta Ophthalmologica. Advances in Ophthalmology

|November 22, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study details the short-wavelength-sensitive cone electroretinogram (S-cone ERG) protocol. This extended electroretinography method refines diagnosis of retinal disorders by assessing specific cone pathway function.

Keywords:

Clinical standards Electroretinogram (ERG)Full-field ERG International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision (ISCEV)Retinal dystrophy Retinopathy S-cone ERG Short-wavelength-sensitive cone ERG

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Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Neuroscience
Vision Science

Background:

The International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision (ISCEV) standard provides a baseline for generalized retinal function testing.
Extended testing protocols are encouraged to further characterize retinal pathways.
Specific cone pathways, like the short-wavelength-sensitive cone (S-cone) pathway, require dedicated assessment methods.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe an extended protocol for assessing the S-cone retinal pathway using S-cone electroretinography (S-cone ERG).
To provide detailed stimulus parameters for reliable S-cone ERG testing.
To highlight the complementary role of S-cone ERG to the ISCEV standard for enhanced retinal function characterization.

Main Methods:

Utilizing a short-wavelength flash superimposed on a saturating background to isolate S-cone responses.
Specifying stimulus parameters including flash strength, background luminance, and spectral/temporal characteristics.
Implementing a protocol that adapts rods and L/M-cones to elicit a measurable S-cone ERG.

Main Results:

The described protocol allows for the specific assessment of the S-cone pathway's function.
Detailed parameters ensure reproducibility and comparability of S-cone ERG results.
The method effectively elicits a response from the S-cone pathway.

Conclusions:

The S-cone ERG serves as a valuable complement to the ISCEV standard for full-field electroretinography.
This technique refines the diagnosis of various retinal disorders, including rod monochromacy, S-cone monochromacy, and enhanced S-cone syndrome.
S-cone ERG aids in identifying and investigating cone On-bipolar cell dysfunction.