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Related Concept Videos

Differential Relays01:20

Differential Relays

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Differential relays are used to protect generators, buses, and transformers by comparing electrical quantities at different points. When a fault occurs, the difference in current between the two points triggers the relay to operate, opening the circuit breaker. Under normal conditions, the current entering (i1) and leaving (i2) a generator are equal. When a fault occurs, however, these currents become unequal, and the difference current flows in the relay operating coil, causing the relay to...
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Directional Relays01:25

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Directional relays, essential for managing unidirectional fault currents, enhance the safety and efficiency of power systems. On power lines equipped with directional relays, faults downstream (to the right) of the current transformer typically cause the fault current to lag the bus voltage by approximately 90 degrees, known as the forward direction. In contrast, upstream (left-side) faults may result in the fault current leading the bus voltage by nearly 90 degrees, termed the reverse...
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Secondary Distribution01:25

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Secondary distribution systems provide electrical energy at the utilization voltage levels from distribution transformers to customer meters. Typical secondary voltages in the United States include 120/240 V for residential use, 208Y/120 V for residential and commercial use, and 480Y/277 V for industrial and high-rise commercial use.
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Overcurrent Relays01:26

Overcurrent Relays

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Overcurrent relays, crucial for circuit protection, are connected to the secondary current of a current transformer. There are two primary types of overcurrent relays: instantaneous and time-delay.
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Pilot and Numeric Relaying01:21

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Pilot relaying is a type of differential protection used in power systems. It compares electrical quantities at the terminals of equipment via a communication channel instead of direct relay interconnection. This method is essential for transmission lines where the terminals are far apart, typically up to 80 km for lines with 69 to 115 kV ratings. Four types of communication channels are used for pilot relaying:
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Identical bonds within a polyatomic group can stretch symmetrically (in-phase) or asymmetrically (out-of-phase). Similar to hydrogen bonding, these vibrations also influence the shape of the IR peak. Generally, asymmetric stretching frequencies are higher than symmetric stretching frequencies. For example, primary amines exhibit two distinct IR peaks between 3300–3500 cm−1 corresponding to the symmetric and asymmetric N-H stretching, while secondary amines exhibit a single...
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Auction-Based Secondary Relay Selection on Overlay Spectrum Sharing in Hybrid Satellite-Terrestrial Sensor Networks.

Xiaokai Zhang1, Bangning Zhang1, Kang An2

  • 1College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University, Nanjing 210007, China.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|November 23, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces an auction mechanism for efficient secondary relay selection in hybrid satellite-terrestrial sensor networks (HSTSNs). The Vickery auction optimizes spectrum sharing through distributed sub-time slot allocation for cooperative payoffs.

Keywords:
amplify-and-forward(AF)auction theorydecode-and-forward (DF)hybrid satellite–terrestrial sensor networks (HSTSNs)relay selection

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Area of Science:

  • Wireless communication networks
  • Cooperative networking
  • Spectrum sharing technologies

Background:

  • Hybrid satellite-terrestrial sensor networks (HSTSNs) face challenges in efficient spectrum utilization.
  • Overlay spectrum sharing requires effective coordination between primary and secondary networks.
  • Rational, yet incompletely informed, network participants necessitate robust selection mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate an auction-based mechanism for secondary relay selection in HSTSNs.
  • To analyze both decode-and-forward (DF) and amplify-and-forward (AF) relay protocols under time division multiple access (TDMA).
  • To enable efficient and cooperative spectrum sharing through distributed secondary relay selection.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing Vickery auction for distributed secondary relay selection.
  • Analyzing decode-and-forward (DF) and amplify-and-forward (AF) relay protocols.
  • Implementing time division multiple access (TDMA) for sub-time slot allocation.

Main Results:

  • The proposed Vickery auction mechanism effectively selects secondary relays for cooperative spectrum sharing.
  • Numerical simulations validate the auction's performance in HSTSNs.
  • Analysis details the impact of key factors on the auction mechanism's effectiveness.

Conclusions:

  • Auction-based secondary relay selection is effective for cooperative spectrum sharing in HSTSNs.
  • The Vickery auction provides an efficient distributed solution for relay selection.
  • The study highlights the importance of considering relay protocols and network rationality in spectrum sharing.