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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Epigenetic Regulation01:46

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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways01:28

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Insulin action is mediated through a receptor tyrosine kinase, akin to the IGF-1 receptor. The number of receptors per cell varies significantly, from 40 on erythrocytes to 300,000 on adipocytes and hepatocytes. The insulin receptor consists of linked α/β subunit dimers, forming a heterotetramer glycoprotein with two extracellular α subunits and two β subunits spanning the membrane. The α subunits inhibit the inherent tyrosine kinase activity of the β subunits, but...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 3, 2026

Epigenetic Conversion as a Safe and Simple Method to Obtain Insulin-secreting Cells from Adult Skin Fibroblasts
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Exploring the effect of epigenetic modifiers on developing insulin-secreting cells.

Ibrahim Elsharkawi1, Divyasree Parambath2, Maha Saber-Ayad1,2,3

  • 1College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE.

Human Cell
|November 23, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Epigenetic modification using decitabine (Aza) enhanced mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) to become glucose-sensitive, insulin-secreting cells. This approach shows promise for a regenerative diabetes treatment.

Keywords:
Beta cellsDiabetesDifferentiation, epigenetic modifiersStem cells

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Area of Science:

  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Endocrinology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Diabetes mellitus is a global health concern with rising incidence.
  • Current treatments fail to adequately manage diabetes comorbidities.
  • Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) offer potential for diabetes regenerative therapy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To improve MSC differentiation into glucose-sensitive, insulin-secreting cells using epigenetic modifiers.
  • To investigate the effects of decitabine (Aza) and Vorinostat (SAHA) on MSC differentiation.
  • To assess the functional capacity of modified MSCs to secrete insulin in response to glucose.

Main Methods:

  • Human MSCs were treated with decitabine (Aza) or Vorinostat (SAHA) for 3 days.
  • Cells underwent a multi-step differentiation protocol.
  • Insulin secretion, gene expression (insulin, PDX-1, MafA, NKX6.1, GLUT2, glucokinase), and DNA methylation levels were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Aza treatment significantly increased intracellular insulin and PDX-1 expression.
  • Aza-treated cells secreted insulin in response to high glucose, confirmed by ELISA.
  • Gene expression analysis revealed induction of key genes for insulin production and glucose metabolism.
  • SAHA showed some insulin upregulation but lacked glucose responsiveness.
  • Aza treatment led to a significant decrease in global DNA methylation.

Conclusions:

  • Decitabine (Aza) enhances MSC differentiation into functional, glucose-responsive insulin-secreting cells.
  • Epigenetic modification with Aza represents a promising strategy for diabetes regenerative therapy.
  • This approach may offer a novel regenerative solution for patients with diabetes.