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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a...
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Arteries of the Upper Limbs01:12

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

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The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
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Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

Muscles that Move the Arm

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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
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Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

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Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
The cervical plexus, formed by the anterior rami of the first four...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 3, 2026

Vascularized Composite Upper Limb Allograft Harvesting for Proximal Arm Allotransplantation
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Upper limb injuries in Major League Baseball.

Mohamad Y Fares1, Hamza A Salhab2, Hussein H Khachfe2

  • 1The Rothman Institute, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.

Physical Therapy in Sport : Official Journal of the Association of Chartered Physiotherapists in Sports Medicine
|November 23, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Upper limb injuries are common in Major League Baseball (MLB), particularly among pitchers, with the shoulder being the most frequently injured area. Understanding these injury patterns is key to developing effective prevention strategies.

Keywords:
MLBMajor League BaseballPitcherShoulderSportsUpper limb

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Epidemiology
  • Baseball Analytics

Background:

  • Upper limb injuries pose a significant challenge in professional baseball.
  • Understanding injury trends is crucial for player health and performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the patterns and trends of upper limb injuries in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 2010 to 2016.
  • To identify high-risk player positions and injury locations.

Main Methods:

  • A descriptive epidemiological study was conducted.
  • Data on upper limb injuries were collected from the MLB website (2010-2016).
  • Information included player position, injury site, cause, date, and time on the Injured List (IL).

Main Results:

  • 1609 upper limb injuries were documented, averaging 71 days on the IL.
  • Shoulder injuries were most common (35%), followed by elbow injuries (highest IL duration: 94 days).
  • Pitchers showed higher injury rates for shoulder and elbow, while fielders/catchers had more wrist/hand injuries. April had the highest injury incidence.

Conclusions:

  • Upper limb injuries are prevalent in MLB, with pitchers being disproportionately affected.
  • The shoulder and elbow are the most vulnerable anatomic locations.
  • Insights into injury trends can inform targeted prevention policies and improve player safety.