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Related Concept Videos

Quality of Water01:19

Quality of Water

459
In concrete preparation, the quality of water is paramount as it affects the strength and durability of the concrete. Potable water is usually preferred; however, it must not have excessive sodium or potassium to prevent compromising the concrete's integrity. Water quality is typically evaluated based on impurities such as dissolved solids, chlorides, and sulfates, and its pH value is ideally between 6 and 8. Even slightly acidic natural water may be acceptable unless it contains harmful...
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Testing Water Quality01:14

Testing Water Quality

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When the quality of water for concrete preparation is uncertain, its impact on the setting time of cement and compressive strength of mortar is assessed by comparison with de-ionized or distilled water benchmarks. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) C1602 requires the setting times to be within 90 minutes of the control, British Standard (BS) 3146:1980 allows a 30-minute variance in the initial setting, while British Standards European Norm (BS EN) 1008 specifies initial setting...
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States of Water01:23

States of Water

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Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the intermolecular forces that draw molecules together and ii) the kinetic energy that leads to movements that pull them apart.
Water freezes when the intermolecular forces are greater than the kinetic energy. Unlike most other substances, water is less dense in its solid state than in its liquid state. This is because each water molecule can form...
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Updated: Jan 3, 2026

A Modified EPA Method 1623 that Uses Tangential Flow Hollow-fiber Ultrafiltration and Heat Dissociation Steps to Detect Waterborne Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp.
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Emulation of Community Water Fluoridation Coverage Across US Counties.

J A Curiel1, A E Sanders2, G D Slade2

  • 1Political Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.

JDR Clinical and Translational Research
|November 26, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Community water fluoridation expansion has stalled in the US. Neighboring counties

Keywords:
United Statesgeographic locationshealth literacypublic health dentistryregression analysissocioeconomic factors

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Geospatial Analysis
  • Health Policy

Background:

  • Community water fluoridation (CWF) expansion has stalled in the US, leaving over 115 million Americans without access to fluoridated drinking water.
  • Understanding factors influencing CWF adoption is crucial for public health initiatives.
  • The theory of policy diffusion suggests that policies enacted in one community can influence neighboring communities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the contributions of supply-side (neighboring counties' fluoridation coverage) and demand-side factors (health literacy, education, population density) in predicting CWF extent in US counties.
  • To apply spatial regression methods to analyze county-level CWF data.
  • To test the hypothesis that policy diffusion influences CWF adoption.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional ecological analysis using county-level data from the 2014 Water Fluoridation Reporting System.
  • Merged data with sociodemographic data from the 2014 American Community Survey and health literacy estimates.
  • Employed multilevel geographically weighted autoregressive models to predict fluoridation coverage.

Main Results:

  • An increase in neighboring counties' fluoridation coverage was strongly associated with increased local fluoridation coverage (27.76 percentage points).
  • Increased local health literacy was also associated with increased fluoridation coverage (2.8 percentage points).
  • Results support a process of emulation influenced by both local health literacy and neighboring community practices.

Conclusions:

  • Increased health literacy within a county is likely to drive demand for community water fluoridation.
  • Non-fluoridated communities can leverage the success of fluoridation in nearby communities to promote adoption.
  • Geospatial analysis and policy diffusion theory provide a framework for understanding and expanding CWF coverage.