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Related Concept Videos

Energetics of Solution Formation02:35

Energetics of Solution Formation

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The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, which is a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
When the strengths of the intermolecular forces of attraction between solute and solvent species in a solution are no different than those present in the separated components, the solution is formed with no accompanying energy change. Formation of the solution requires the solute–solute and solvent–solvent...
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Solution Equilibrium and Saturation01:59

Solution Equilibrium and Saturation

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Imagine adding a small amount of sugar to a glass of water, stirring until all the sugar has dissolved, and then adding a bit more. You can repeat this process until the sugar concentration of the solution reaches its natural limit, a limit determined primarily by the relative strengths of the solute-solute, solute-solvent, and solvent-solvent attractive forces. You can be certain that you have reached this limit because, no matter how long you stir the solution, undissolved sugar remains. The...
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Intermolecular Forces in Solutions02:28

Intermolecular Forces in Solutions

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The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
When the strengths of the intermolecular forces of attraction between solute and solvent species in a solution are no different than those present in the separated components, the solution is formed with no accompanying energy change. Such a solution is called an ideal solution. A mixture of ideal gases (or gases such as helium and argon,...
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Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria01:10

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

2.0K
Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
2.0K
Chemical and Solubility Equilibria02:21

Chemical and Solubility Equilibria

4.8K
The free energy change associated with dissolving a solute in a liter of solvent is called the free energy of a solution, ΔGsolution. The overall ΔGsolution is expressed as the balance of ΔGinteraction against the always-favorable free-energy of mixing, ΔGmixing. Solution formation is favorable if  ΔGsolution is less than zero, whereas it is unfavorable if ΔGsolution is greater than zero. In short, for a solution to form and complete dissolution to take place,...
4.8K
Solution Formation02:16

Solution Formation

36.4K
There is no one solvent that can dissolve every type of solute. Some substances that readily dissolve in a certain solvent might be insoluble in a different solvent. A simple way to predict which substances dissolve in which solvent is the phrase "like dissolves like". This means that polar substances, such as salt and sugar, dissolve in a polar substance like water. In contrast, non-polar substances are more soluble in non-polar solvents such as carbon tetrachloride.
This selective...
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Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water
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On Thermodynamic and Kinetic Mechanisms for Stabilizing Surface Solid Solutions.

Tae Wook Heo1, Brandon C Wood1

  • 1Materials Science Division , Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore , California 94550 , United States.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|November 27, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Surface solid solutions can be stabilized in phase-separating materials by managing strain energy and diffusion. This finding offers guidance for designing advanced energy storage materials and other nanoscale systems.

Keywords:
diffuse-interface modellinear stability theoryphase stabilitysolid solutionsurfaces

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Solid-State Chemistry

Background:

  • Energy storage materials often rely on phase transformations, which can be limited by undesirable chemical and mechanical factors.
  • Phase separation in these systems can lead to performance degradation.
  • Solid solutions offer a stable alternative if formation conditions are understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the conditions for stabilizing solid solutions in phase-separating systems, particularly near surfaces.
  • To identify key factors influencing surface solid-solution formation.
  • To provide guidance for manipulating solid-solution behavior in nanoscale structures.

Main Methods:

  • Linear stability theory
  • Diffuse-interface mesoscopic simulations
  • Modeling of a lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) particle

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated stabilization of solid solutions near surface layers of phase-separating systems.
  • Identified surface relaxation of solution self-strain energy and anisotropic diffusion mobility as key drivers.
  • Showcased the competition between solution self-strain energy relaxation and coherency strain energy relaxation in stabilizing surface solid solutions.
  • Highlighted the role of anisotropic diffusion mobility and surface orientation in achieving stabilization.

Conclusions:

  • Surface effects can be leveraged to stabilize solid solutions in phase-separating materials.
  • Understanding strain energy and diffusion anisotropy is crucial for controlling solid-solution formation.
  • Findings are applicable to energy storage materials, metal alloys, and ceramics.