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Related Concept Videos

Phosphorylation01:02

Phosphorylation

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The addition or removal of phosphate groups from proteins is the most common chemical modification that regulates cellular processes. These modifications can affect the structure, activity, stability, and localization of proteins within cells as well as their interactions with other proteins.
During phosphorylation, protein kinases transfer the terminal phosphate group of ATP to specific amino acid side chains of substrate proteins. Serine, threonine, and tyrosine are the most commonly...
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Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers01:15

Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers

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Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be relayed by second messengers present in the cell cytoplasm. There are several second messenger pathways, each with its own way of relaying information. For example, the G protein-coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol pathway is active when the receptor induces...
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IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway01:11

IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway

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Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and...
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Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade01:22

Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade

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When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze...
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Protein Kinases and Phosphatases02:54

Protein Kinases and Phosphatases

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Proteins undergo chemical modifications that trigger changes in the charge, structure, and conformation of the proteins. Phosphorylation, acetylation, glycosylation, nitrosylation, ubiquitination, lipidation, methylation, and proteolysis are various protein modifications that regulate protein activity. Such modifications are usually enzyme-driven.
Protein kinases
Many proteins in the cell are regulated by phosphorylation, the addition of a phosphate group. A family of enzymes called kinases...
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What are Second Messengers?01:12

What are Second Messengers?

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Because many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic, they do not cross the cell membrane and thus their message must be relayed to a second messenger on the inside. There are several second messenger pathways, each with their own way of relaying information. G-protein coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol path is active when the receptor induces phospholipase C to hydrolyze the phospholipid,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 3, 2026

Identification of Inositol Phosphate or Phosphoinositide Interacting Proteins by Affinity Chromatography Coupled to Western Blot or Mass Spectrometry
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Identification of Inositol Phosphate or Phosphoinositide Interacting Proteins by Affinity Chromatography Coupled to Western Blot or Mass Spectrometry

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Phosphate as a Signaling Molecule.

Kittrawee Kritmetapak1,2, Rajiv Kumar3,4

  • 1Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.

Calcified Tissue International
|November 27, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Maintaining phosphorus homeostasis is crucial for health. Organisms regulate inorganic phosphorus (Pi) levels through cellular and endocrine mechanisms to ensure proper biological functions and prevent disease.

Keywords:
Chronic kidney diseasePhosphatePhosphorusSignaling

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Phosphorus is essential for numerous biological processes, including signaling, membrane structure, and bone formation.
  • Organisms meticulously regulate inorganic phosphorus (Pi) levels to maintain homeostasis.
  • Both unicellular and multicellular organisms possess sophisticated mechanisms to sense and respond to environmental Pi fluctuations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of phosphorus homeostasis in response to varying inorganic phosphorus (Pi) concentrations.
  • To explore the cellular and endocrine pathways involved in maintaining whole-body phosphorus balance.
  • To investigate the consequences of altered Pi levels on cellular function and organismal health, particularly in conditions like chronic kidney disease.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of cellular responses to inorganic phosphorus (Pi) changes, including Pi uptake modulation.
  • Investigation of signaling pathways activated by extracellular Pi, such as FGF receptor and MAPK/ERK pathways.
  • Examination of endocrine regulation involving organs like the kidneys, parathyroid glands, and bone.

Main Results:

  • Cells and organisms adapt to environmental Pi changes by adjusting Pi uptake and altering cellular and endocrine functions.
  • Mammalian cells modulate type III sodium-phosphate cotransporter activity in response to extracellular Pi.
  • Elevated extracellular Pi activates specific signaling cascades (e.g., FGFR, MAPK/ERK, Akt) influencing gene expression.

Conclusions:

  • Phosphorus homeostasis is tightly regulated through integrated cellular and endocrine mechanisms.
  • Dysregulation of phosphorus homeostasis, particularly excessive Pi exposure, has detrimental health consequences, including vascular calcification and impaired insulin secretion.
  • Understanding these regulatory pathways is critical for managing metabolic disorders and preventing associated complications.