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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Early diagnosis and treatment can often cure cancer. However, even with treatment, residual cells called cancer stem cells (CSC) might remain, often causing tumor recurrence. These cancer stem cells possess the potential for self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation and are often responsible for the therapeutic resistance displayed in most cancers.
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Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Melanoma Tumor-infiltrating Lymphocytes
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T Cell Reprogramming Against Cancer.

Samuel G Katz1, Peter M Rabinovich2

  • 1Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|November 29, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Adoptive immunotherapy uses engineered immune cells to fight cancer. T cell reprogramming, including synthetic T cell receptors (synTCRs) and chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), offers potent and specific cancer treatment strategies.

Keywords:
Adoptive cell therapyChimeric antigen receptor (CAR)Immune synapseMemory T cellsReprogrammingSignal transductionT cellT cell receptor (TCR)TCR clusteringalpha beta T cellsgamma delta T cells

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Recent advances in academic and clinical studies have yielded practical applications in adoptive immunotherapy for cancer treatment.
  • Immune cells can be engineered with molecular modules to enhance their therapeutic efficacy and specificity.
  • Successful cancer immunotherapy requires understanding the immune system's complexity and employing multifactor cell reprogramming for adaptive treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review advancements in T cell reprogramming for adoptive cancer immunotherapy.
  • To discuss the roles of αβ and γδ T cells and T cell receptors in cancer immunity.
  • To explore T cell engineering, including synthetic T cell receptors (synTCRs) and chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), for integrated cancer therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of academic and clinical studies on adoptive immune therapy.
  • Analysis of T cell biology, including T cell receptors (TCRs) and their functions.
  • Examination of T cell engineering techniques, such as synTCRs and CARs construction.

Main Results:

  • T cell reprogramming is a highly developed field within cancer immunotherapy.
  • Engineered T cells, utilizing synTCRs and CARs, demonstrate potential in multifactor cancer therapy.
  • Understanding T cell receptor structure and function is crucial for targeted immune responses.

Conclusions:

  • T cell reprogramming offers a promising avenue for developing potent and specific cancer immunotherapies.
  • Multifactor cell reprogramming and engineered T cells are key components of advanced cancer treatment strategies.
  • Further research into T cell engineering and their integration into therapy will enhance cancer treatment outcomes.