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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Exosomes01:36

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Exosomes are stable, lipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles capable of crossing biological barriers. They can carry a wide range of molecules required for intercellular communication. Once exosomes are released from the cell where they originated, they enter a recipient cell through various pathways such as fusion, receptor-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis.
Stahl et al. discovered exosomes in 1983, but the exosomes were initially considered waste products released from the...
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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Clinical Applications of Epidermal Stem Cells01:19

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Epidermal stem cells (EpiSCs) are mainly located at the basal layer of the epidermis. These cells repair minor injuries of the skin and replace dead skin cells. However, EpiSCs’ cannot heal severe wounds such as major burns or those from diabetes or hereditary disorders. In such cases, culturing the epidermal stem cells from the patient is possible and has yielded successful treatment options, such as laboratory-grown skin grafts. These grafts are synthesized using a patient’s own...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Preparation of Exosomes for siRNA Delivery to Cancer Cells
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Reprogramming Exosomes for Immunotherapy.

Qinqin Cheng1, Xiaojing Shi1, Yong Zhang2,3,4,5

  • 1Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|November 29, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Synthetic multivalent antibodies retargeted exosomes (SMART-Exos) offer a novel cancer immunotherapy. These engineered exosomes target EGFR-expressing cancer cells and activate T cells for potent antitumor activity.

Keywords:
CD3CancerConfocal microscopyCytotoxicityEGFRExosomeFlow cytometryGenetic engineeringImmunoblotImmunotherapyIsolationMonoclonal antibodyT cell

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Immunology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Exosomes are key mediators of intercellular communication with emerging therapeutic potential.
  • Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a critical target in epithelial malignancies due to its role in tumor progression.
  • Current cancer therapies face challenges in specificity and efficacy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel exosome-based immunotherapy targeting EGFR-expressing cancers.
  • To engineer exosomes to simultaneously target tumor cells and immune cells for enhanced antitumor responses.

Main Methods:

  • Genetically modifying exosomes to display monoclonal antibodies against EGFR and CD3.
  • Creating synthetic multivalent antibodies retargeted exosomes (SMART-Exos).
  • Evaluating the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of SMART-Exos in cancer models.

Main Results:

  • SMART-Exos successfully displayed dual-specific antibodies on their surface.
  • The engineered exosomes effectively redirected and activated T cells towards EGFR-expressing cancer cells.
  • SMART-Exos demonstrated potent and specific antitumor activity, inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis.

Conclusions:

  • SMART-Exos represent a promising new platform for cancer immunotherapy.
  • This approach leverages the natural properties of exosomes for targeted drug delivery and immune activation.
  • Further development of SMART-Exos could lead to more effective treatments for epithelial malignancies.