Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Antidepressant Drugs: MAOIs and Other Agents01:23

Antidepressant Drugs: MAOIs and Other Agents

727
Atypical antidepressants, including bupropion (Wellbutrin), mirtazapine (Remeron), nefazodone (Serzone), trazodone (Desyrel), and vilazodone (Viibryd), offer unique mechanisms of action. Bupropion weakly inhibits dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake, aiding depression treatment and smoking cessation, with a low risk of sexual dysfunction. Mirtazapine enhances serotonin and norepinephrine neurotransmission, leading to sedation, increased appetite, and weight gain. As a result, it helps treat...
727
Treatment Strategies for Psychological Disorders01:24

Treatment Strategies for Psychological Disorders

528
Treatment approaches for psychological disorders fall into three main categories: psychological, biological, and sociocultural. Each approach targets different aspects of mental health, requiring varying levels of education and training.
Psychological therapies focus on modifying emotions, thoughts, and behaviors through talking, interpreting, listening, rewarding, challenging, and modeling. Clinical psychologists, counselors, and social workers commonly practice psychotherapy. Clinical...
528
Antidepressant Drugs: Overview01:25

Antidepressant Drugs: Overview

1.3K
Antidepressant drugs are a class of medications primarily used for treating various mood disorders, including major depression, anxiety disorders, and other related conditions. These medicines work by modulating the neurotransmitter balance within the brain, alleviating depressive symptoms. Antidepressants can be broadly categorized into several groups according to their mechanism of action and chemical structure: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs), Serotonin-Norepinephrine...
1.3K
Drug Therapy01:28

Drug Therapy

220
The advent of drug therapy has profoundly shaped modern mental health care, providing targeted treatments for a range of psychological disorders. Psychotherapeutic drugs, classified into antianxiety, antidepressant, and antipsychotic medications, address symptoms across anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and schizophrenia. While these medications have transformed patient outcomes, they require careful management due to their potential side effects and limitations.
Antianxiety Medications
220
Antidepressant Drugs: Tricyclics, SSRIs, and SNRIs01:28

Antidepressant Drugs: Tricyclics, SSRIs, and SNRIs

1.3K
Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs), including Desipramine (Norpramin), Imipramine (Tofranil), Clomipramine (Anafranil), and Amitriptyline (Elavil), inhibit serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake and also block other receptors. They are used for depression, pain conditions, and insomnia. Common adverse effects include anticholinergic effects, sedation, orthostatic hypotension, and weight gain. They have a narrow therapeutic window and so require plasma-level monitoring. Abrupt discontinuation can...
1.3K
Psychosis: Goals of Pharmacotherapy01:26

Psychosis: Goals of Pharmacotherapy

414
Antipsychotic drugs are a crucial treatment method for acute and chronic psychoses, bipolar illness, and behavioral disorders. The selection of these drugs depends on several factors, including the state of the disease, clinical judgment, possible drug interactions, and the patient's sensitivity to adverse effects. In immediate scenarios, such as delirium and dementia, short-term treatment with low doses of high-potency typical or atypical agents can effectively manage symptom exacerbation.
414

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Application of conventional and contrast-enhanced ultrasound in diagnosing cervical tuberculous lymphadenitis.

Frontiers in medicine·2026
Same author

Application of multimodal ultrasound radiomics in the diagnosis of superficial lymph node tuberculosis.

BMC medical imaging·2026
Same author

Demographic and Clinical Correlates of Body Mass Index in Older Age Bipolar Disorder: Results from the GAGE-BD Project.

Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)·2026
Same author

Predicting amyotrophic lateral sclerosis stage based on multi-parameter ultrasound: development and validation of an interpretable machine learning model.

BMC medicine·2026
Same author

Executive Function Among Older Adults With Bipolar Disorder: A GAGE-BD Analysis.

The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry·2026
Same author

Relationship Between Smoking and Psychiatric and Somatic Comorbidities in Older Age Bipolar Disorder: Lien entre le tabagisme et les affections psychiatriques et somatiques concomitantes chez les personnes âgées atteintes de trouble bipolaire.

Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 2, 2026

Conventional Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Depression: A Step-by-Step Protocol
10:36

Conventional Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Depression: A Step-by-Step Protocol

Published on: November 21, 2025

192

Optimized Treatment Strategy for Depressive Disorder.

Peijun Chen1

  • 1VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System, Cleveland VA Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, USA. Peijun.chen@va.gov.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|December 1, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD) affects many patients who do not achieve remission with initial pharmacotherapy. Optimizing treatment involves augmentation or switching, with several agents showing promise for managing TRD.

Keywords:
AugmentationPharmacotherapyRisk factorsTreatment-resistant depression

More Related Videos

MRI-guided dmPFC-rTMS as a Treatment for Treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder
08:20

MRI-guided dmPFC-rTMS as a Treatment for Treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder

Published on: August 11, 2015

14.5K
Individualized rTMS Treatment for Depression using an fMRI-Based Targeting Method
07:12

Individualized rTMS Treatment for Depression using an fMRI-Based Targeting Method

Published on: August 2, 2021

4.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 2, 2026

Conventional Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Depression: A Step-by-Step Protocol
10:36

Conventional Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Depression: A Step-by-Step Protocol

Published on: November 21, 2025

192
MRI-guided dmPFC-rTMS as a Treatment for Treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder
08:20

MRI-guided dmPFC-rTMS as a Treatment for Treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder

Published on: August 11, 2015

14.5K
Individualized rTMS Treatment for Depression using an fMRI-Based Targeting Method
07:12

Individualized rTMS Treatment for Depression using an fMRI-Based Targeting Method

Published on: August 2, 2021

4.0K

Area of Science:

  • Psychiatry
  • Pharmacology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) pharmacotherapy achieves remission in a limited fraction of patients.
  • Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD) describes patients unresponsive to standard antidepressant trials.
  • Advances in clinical trials like STAR*D and VAST-D have improved TRD pharmacotherapy over 15 years.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current pharmacotherapy strategies for Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD).
  • To highlight effective augmenting agents and future research directions for TRD management.

Main Methods:

  • Review of pharmacotherapy optimization strategies for TRD.
  • Identification of augmenting agents with strong evidence.
  • Discussion of future research needs for TRD definition and treatment.

Main Results:

  • Optimizing TRD pharmacotherapy includes switching, combination, or augmentation, with augmentation preferred.
  • Effective augmenting agents include Bupropion, Lithium, T3, Aripiprazole, Brexpiprazole, Quetiapine, and Olanzapine/Fluoxetine combination.
  • Future work requires standardized TRD definition, long-term safety data, and personalized/multi-modal treatment approaches.

Conclusions:

  • Pharmacotherapy augmentation is a viable strategy for Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD).
  • Further research is essential to standardize TRD definition, assess long-term safety, and integrate personalized and multimodal therapies for improved patient outcomes.