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Updated: Jan 2, 2026

Cigarette Smoke Exposure in Mice using a Whole-Body Inhalation System
Published on: October 22, 2020
Association Between Cigarette Smoking and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: An Updated Multivariate Bayesian Metaanalysis
Monica Hui Yan Chua1, Irene Ai Ting Ng1, Mike W L-Cheung2
1M.H. Chua, MBBS, I.A. Ng, MBBS, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore.
Current cigarette smoking significantly increases the risk of developing systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This updated meta-analysis confirms the association, highlighting smoking as a key environmental factor for SLE.
Area of Science:
- Rheumatology
- Environmental Epidemiology
- Autoimmune Diseases
Background:
- The link between cigarette smoking and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) risk is debated.
- The impact of evolving smoker demographics on SLE risk over time requires investigation.
Purpose of the Study:
- To conduct an updated meta-analysis examining the association between cigarette smoking and SLE risk.
- To explore how changes in smoking demographics influence SLE development over time.
Main Methods:
- A comprehensive literature search identified studies on smoking and SLE.
- Bayesian meta-analysis calculated odds ratios (OR) for current and former smokers versus never smokers.
- Multivariate meta-regression assessed the influence of publication time, sex, and patient age.
Main Results:
- Data from 12 studies (3234 SLE cases, 288,336 controls) showed a significant association between current smoking and SLE (OR 1.54, 95% CrI 1.06-2.25).
- A non-significant trend was observed for former smoking (OR 1.39, 95% CrI 0.95-2.08).
- Publication time, sex, and mean patient age did not explain effect size heterogeneity.
Conclusions:
- Current cigarette smoking is definitively associated with an increased risk of developing SLE.
- Patient sex and age did not significantly alter the risk of SLE over time.
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