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Neurotransmitters and Behavioral Alterations Induced by Nickel Exposure
María I Martínez-Martínez1, Isabel Muñoz-Fambuena2, Omar Cauli1
1Department of Nursing, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
Background:
Nickel ions (Ni2+) are a heavy metal with wide industrial uses. Environmental and occupational exposures to Ni are potential risk factors for brain dysfunction and behavioral and neurological symptoms in humans.
Methods:
We reviewed the current evidence about neurochemical and behavioral alterations associated with Ni exposure in laboratory animals and humans.
Results:
Ni2+ exposure can alter (both inhibition and stimulation) dopamine release and inhibit glutamate NMDA receptors. Few reports claim an effect of Ni2+ at the level of GBA and serotonin neurotransmission. At behavioral levels, exposure to Ni2+ in rodents alters motor activity, learning and memory as well as anxiety and depressive-like symptoms. However, no analysis of the dose-dependent relationship has been carried out regarding these effects and the levels of the Ni2+ in the brain, in blood or urine.
Conclusion:
Further research is needed to correlate the concentration of Ni2+ in biological fluids with specific symptoms/deficits. Future studies addressing the impact of Ni2+ under environmental or occupational exposure should consider the administration protocols to find Ni2+ levels similar in the general population or occupationally exposed workers.
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