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Related Concept Videos

Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells01:12

Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells

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The skin is divided into epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, the skin's outermost, middle, and inner layers. The human epidermal layer regularly undergoes renewal, where old, dead cells are replaced by new cells. Epidermal stem cells or EpiSCs divide and differentiate to restore the lost cells. For the renewal process, some EpiSCs continuously self-renew. In contrast, few others differentiate into transit-amplifying cells, which later form prickle or spinous cells, followed by granular...
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Clinical Applications of Epidermal Stem Cells01:19

Clinical Applications of Epidermal Stem Cells

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Epidermal stem cells (EpiSCs) are mainly located at the basal layer of the epidermis. These cells repair minor injuries of the skin and replace dead skin cells. However, EpiSCs’ cannot heal severe wounds such as major burns or those from diabetes or hereditary disorders. In such cases, culturing the epidermal stem cells from the patient is possible and has yielded successful treatment options, such as laboratory-grown skin grafts. These grafts are synthesized using a patient’s own...
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Cells of the Epidermis01:24

Cells of the Epidermis

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The epidermis is made of four or five layers of epithelial cells, depending on its location in the body. From deep to superficial, these layers are the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.
The cells in all these layers except the stratum basale are called keratinocytes, a type of cell that manufactures and stores the protein keratin. The keratinocytes in the stratum corneum are dead and regularly slough away, being replaced by cells from...
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Layers of the Epidermis01:21

Layers of the Epidermis

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The epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin, is composed of several distinct layers. From deep to superficial, the layers of the epidermis are as follows:
Stratum Basale
Stratum basale, also known as the stratum germinativum, is the deepest layer of the epidermis. It is composed of a single layer of actively dividing cells called basal cells or basal keratinocytes. These cells constantly undergo cell division to replenish the upper layers of the epidermis. Additionally, melanocytes, which...
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Papillary Dermis01:11

Papillary Dermis

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Dermis
The dermis might be considered the "core" of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue that comprise an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
Papillary Layer
The papillary layer is made of loose, areolar connective tissue, which means the collagen...
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Surface Membrane Barriers01:18

Surface Membrane Barriers

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The skin and mucous membranes serve as the primary line of defense against pathogens by providing both physical and chemical protection. These barriers are essential in preventing the entry and establishment of microbes, thereby maintaining the integrity of the host.
The outer layer of the skin, the epidermis, is a robust barrier comprising layers of closely packed keratinized cells. This dense arrangement prevents microbes from penetrating the body. The periodic shedding of epidermal cells...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 2, 2026

Separation of Rat Epidermis and Dermis with Thermolysin to Detect Site-Specific Inflammatory mRNA and Protein
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Separation of Rat Epidermis and Dermis with Thermolysin to Detect Site-Specific Inflammatory mRNA and Protein

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Dermal-Epidermal Separation by Enzyme.

Liyan Jian1, Yu Cao1, Ying Zou2

  • 1Institute of Precision Medicine, The Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|December 4, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers describe an enzyme-based method for separating skin layers. This technique is crucial for dermal-epidermal separation in pharmacology, toxicology, and biology research.

Keywords:
DermisDispaseEnzymesEpidermisSeparation

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Cell Biology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • The skin comprises three distinct layers: epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis.
  • Dermal-epidermal separation is a fundamental technique in biological, toxicological, and pharmacological research.
  • Various methods exist for epidermal separation, each with unique benefits and drawbacks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To detail an enzymatic method for achieving dermal-epidermal separation.
  • To provide a reliable protocol for researchers requiring separated skin layers.

Main Methods:

  • Enzymatic digestion was employed to facilitate the separation of the epidermis from the dermis.
  • The protocol focuses on optimizing conditions for efficient and clean layer separation.

Main Results:

  • The described enzymatic method successfully achieved separation of epidermal and dermal skin layers.
  • This technique offers a viable alternative to traditional chemical or heat-based separation methods.

Conclusions:

  • Enzymatic separation provides a valuable tool for skin research.
  • The choice of separation method should be guided by specific research objectives and experimental constraints.