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Updated: Jan 2, 2026

An Assessment Method and Toolkit to Evaluate Keyboard Design on Smartphones
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I-Keyboard: Fully Imaginary Keyboard on Touch Devices Empowered by Deep Neural Decoder.

Ue-Hwan Kim, Sahng-Min Yoo, Jong-Hwan Kim

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    Summary

    We developed an invisible keyboard (I-Keyboard) with a deep neural decoder (DND) to improve mobile typing. This innovative approach enhances typing speed by 18.95% and accuracy by 4.06% without needing calibration.

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    Area of Science:

    • Human-Computer Interaction
    • Machine Learning
    • Mobile Computing

    Background:

    • Current soft keyboards on mobile devices suffer from low accuracy due to lack of tactile feedback and reduced screen usability.
    • Existing text-entry methods often require calibration and predefined typing regions, limiting flexibility.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To introduce an invisible keyboard (I-Keyboard) and a deep neural decoder (DND) to overcome the limitations of current soft keyboards.
    • To enable eyes-free, ten-finger typing on mobile devices without calibration or predefined regions.

    Main Methods:

    • Developed an invisible keyboard (I-Keyboard) that maximizes screen usability.
    • Utilized a deep neural decoder (DND) for flexible typing input from any screen position and angle.
    • Collected the largest user dataset to date for training the DND model.
    • Conducted comprehensive simulations and experiments to evaluate performance.

    Main Results:

    • The I-Keyboard demonstrated a significant increase in typing speed by 18.95%, reaching 45.57 words per minute.
    • Typing accuracy improved by 4.06% compared to the baseline.
    • The system achieved high performance across various conditions in simulations and experiments.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed I-Keyboard and DND system offers a more usable and efficient text-entry solution for mobile devices.
    • This novel approach enhances user experience by eliminating the need for calibration and predefined typing areas.
    • The findings pave the way for future advancements in eyes-free mobile typing technology.