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Related Concept Videos

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This lesson delves into the concept of protection and deprotection of a functional group fundamental to synthetic organic chemistry. These phenomena are explained in the context of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols.
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Ethanol, a clear colorless alcohol, has been consumed by humans for millennia, but its effects on the body are far from benign. At lower doses, it induces decreased inhibitions and loquaciousness, leading to its social appeal. However, it can cause severe consequences at higher doses, such as coma and respiratory depression, due to its zero-order elimination kinetics. Chronic ethanol abuse wreaks havoc on multiple organ systems, particularly the CNS and the liver. Abrupt cessation of ethanol...
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Like water, alcohols are weak acids and bases. This is attributed to the polarization of the O–H bond making the hydrogen partially positive. Moreover, the electron pairs on the oxygen atom of alcohol make it both basic and nucleophilic. Protonation of an alcohol converts hydroxide, a poor leaving group, into water—a good one. The two acid–base equilibria corresponding to ethanol are depicted below.
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Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols02:32

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Alcohols are organic compounds in which a hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon. Phenols are a class of alcohols containing a hydroxy group attached to an aromatic ring. The physical properties of the alcohols and phenols are influenced by hydrogen bonding due to the oxygen–hydrogen dipole in the hydroxy functional group and dispersion forces between alkyl or aryl regions of alcohol and phenol molecules.
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Reduction is a simple strategy to convert a carbonyl group to a hydroxyl group. The three major pathways to reduce carbonyls to alcohols are catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, and borane reduction.
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The test of independence is a chi-square-based test used to determine whether two variables or factors are independent or dependent. This hypothesis test is used to examine the independence of the variables. One can construct two qualitative survey questions or experiments based on the variables in a contingency table. The goal is to see if the two variables are unrelated (independent) or related (dependent). The null and alternative hypotheses for this test are:
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The Motivation for Alcohol Reward: Predictors of Progressive-Ratio Intravenous Alcohol Self-Administration in Humans
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Perspectives on Alcohol Taxation.

Donald Kenkel1, Willard Manning1

  • 1Donald Kenkel, Ph.D., is an associate professor in the Department of Consumer Economics and Housing, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Willard Manning, Ph.D., is a professor in the Institute for Health Services Research, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Alcohol Health and Research World
|December 5, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Alcohol tax increases involve trade-offs between public health, revenue, and employment. Policymakers must balance these factors, considering population responses and economic impacts.

Keywords:
AOD consumptionAOD priceeconomic cost of AODU (alcohol and other drug use)employmentpublic healthpublic policy on AODsales and excise taxsocial cost of AODUsocioeconomic status

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Economics
  • Policy Analysis

Background:

  • Alcohol taxation is a complex policy tool with multifaceted implications.
  • Perspectives on alcohol tax effectiveness vary widely, impacting policy decisions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the diverse angles of alcohol taxation, including public health, revenue, economic efficiency, fairness, and employment.
  • To highlight the trade-offs policymakers face when considering alcohol tax increases.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature and policy analyses on alcohol taxation.
  • Examination of different stakeholder perspectives and their influence on policy conclusions.

Main Results:

  • Conclusions on alcohol tax appropriateness and effectiveness depend heavily on the viewpoint taken (e.g., public health vs. revenue).
  • Policymakers must navigate complex trade-offs, considering differential population responses to price changes and employment effects.

Conclusions:

  • Balancing competing interests in alcohol taxation requires careful consideration of equity, economic impacts, and public health outcomes.
  • Effective alcohol tax policy necessitates a comprehensive approach that weighs multiple societal factors.