Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Acute Pharyngitis

Acute Pharyngitis

Introduction
Acute pharyngitis is the inflammation of the back of the throat (pharynx), commonly resulting in a sore throat. It is a frequently encountered condition that prompts individuals to seek medical advice.
Classification
Acute pharyngitis can be categorized based on its underlying cause:

Tonsillitis I: Introduction

Tonsillitis I: Introduction

Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils, which are two lymphoid tissue masses at the back of the throat. This condition can cause discomfort and irritation in the throat.
Etiology
Three primary contributing factors have been identified.

Vaccinations

Vaccinations

Chronic Pharyngitis

Chronic Pharyngitis

Chronic pharyngitis refers to persistent inflammation of the pharyngial mucosa.
Etiology
It often arises from persistent viral or bacterial infections affecting sinuses and tonsils.
Additional contributing factors include inadequate dental hygiene, mouth breathing, recurring tonsillitis, allergic rhinitis, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and exposure to smoke, chemicals, and other environmental pollutants. Allergic reactions to pollen, mold, and pet dander, chronic cough, excessive voice usage,...

Transmission-based Precautions I: Contact, Enteric, and Droplets

Transmission-based Precautions I: Contact, Enteric, and Droplets

Transmission-based precautions are for patients known to be infected or suspected to be infected or colonized with organisms that pose a significant risk to others. Some transmission-based precautions include contact, enteric, and droplet.
Contact Precautions:
Contact precautions are the measures taken to prevent the transmission of infectious agents, especially epidemiologically important microorganisms such as MRSA or influenza, primarily transmitted through direct or indirect contact with an...

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Burden of antimicrobial resistance in the WHO Southeast Asia and Western Pacific Regions, 1990-2021: a cross-country systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050.

Military Medical Research·2026

Same author

In vitro activity of halicin against phylogenetically and phenotypically different Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains.

International journal of antimicrobial agents·2026

Same author

Proteomic Insights into Antimicrobial Resistance Mechanisms in Human-Associated Bacterial Pathogens.

Microbial ecology·2026

Same author

Fecal Microbiota Transplant and Multidrug-Resistant Organism Decolonization in Gastrointestinal Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

JAMA internal medicine·2026

Same author

A decade of antimicrobial resistance in <i>Vibrio</i> spp.: genomic and functional insights.

Microbiology spectrum·2026

Same author

Key impact of Beijing strains including new resistant clusters on spread of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in northern Russia.

Microbiology spectrum·2026

Same journal

Primary aldosteronism.

Nature reviews. Disease primers·2026

Same journal

Primary aldosteronism.

Nature reviews. Disease primers·2026

Same journal

Buruli ulcer in Africa: between innovation and pragmatism.

Nature reviews. Disease primers·2026

Same journal

Author Correction: Atopic dermatitis.

Nature reviews. Disease primers·2026

Same journal

Integrating sexual health into care for patients with cancer and chronic illness.

Nature reviews. Disease primers·2026

Same journal

Chronic graft-versus-host disease.

Nature reviews. Disease primers·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 2, 2026

Induction and Monitoring of Active Delayed Type Hypersensitivity DTH in Rats

Induction and Monitoring of Active Delayed Type Hypersensitivity DTH in Rats

Published on: July 19, 2007

Diphtheria.

Naresh Chand Sharma¹, Androulla Efstratiou², Igor Mokrousov³

¹Laboratory Department, Maharishi Valmiki Infectious Diseases Hospital, Delhi, India.

Nature Reviews. Disease Primers

|December 6, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Diphtheria, a severe bacterial infection, can cause fatal systemic effects. Maintaining vaccination programs is crucial to prevent its re-emergence and control outbreaks.

More Related Videos

Enhanced Rabies Surveillance Using a Direct Rapid Immunohistochemical Test

Enhanced Rabies Surveillance Using a Direct Rapid Immunohistochemical Test

Published on: April 30, 2019

Targeted Antibody Blocking by a Dual-Functional Conjugate of Antigenic Peptide and Fc-III Mimetics DCAF

Targeted Antibody Blocking by a Dual-Functional Conjugate of Antigenic Peptide and Fc-III Mimetics DCAF

Published on: September 17, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 2, 2026

Induction and Monitoring of Active Delayed Type Hypersensitivity DTH in Rats

Induction and Monitoring of Active Delayed Type Hypersensitivity DTH in Rats

Published on: July 19, 2007

Enhanced Rabies Surveillance Using a Direct Rapid Immunohistochemical Test

Enhanced Rabies Surveillance Using a Direct Rapid Immunohistochemical Test

Published on: April 30, 2019

Targeted Antibody Blocking by a Dual-Functional Conjugate of Antigenic Peptide and Fc-III Mimetics DCAF

Targeted Antibody Blocking by a Dual-Functional Conjugate of Antigenic Peptide and Fc-III Mimetics DCAF

Published on: September 17, 2019

Area of Science:

Infectious Diseases
Bacteriology
Public Health

Background:

Diphtheria is a serious infection caused by toxigenic Corynebacterium species, leading to respiratory or cutaneous manifestations.
The diphtheria toxin inhibits protein synthesis, causing cell death and potentially fatal systemic complications like myocarditis and neuropathy.
While vaccines exist, declining immunization rates, particularly in adults, contribute to disease resurgence and outbreaks globally.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight the continued global threat of diphtheria.
To emphasize the importance of accurate diagnosis and prompt treatment.
To underscore the necessity of sustained public health interventions.

Main Methods:

Clinical diagnosis relies on identifying Corynebacterium species through bacterial culture.
Confirmatory tests include enzymatic and toxin detection assays.
Epidemiological surveillance tracks disease prevalence and outbreaks.

Main Results:

Toxigenic Corynebacterium species remain prevalent worldwide.
Diphtheria continues to cause thousands of cases and outbreaks annually, especially in Asia and Africa.
Changes in diphtheria epidemiology necessitate ongoing vigilance.

Conclusions:

Prompt clinical and epidemiological investigations are vital for early detection and treatment.
Sustained vaccination programs are essential to prevent diphtheria re-emergence.
Public health measures are critical for controlling the spread of this potentially fatal disease.