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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview01:20

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview

3.4K
Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is an analytical technique used to determine the elemental composition of a sample by analyzing the light emitted from excited atoms. In AES, atoms in a sample are excited to higher energy levels by thermal energy from high-temperature sources, such as plasma, arcs, or sparks. When these excited atoms return to lower energy states, they emit light at specific wavelengths characteristic of each element. The resulting atomic emission spectrum, which consists of...
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Interference01:30

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Interference

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In atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), high-temperature atomizers excite a broad range of elements and molecules that generate complex emissions from sources such as oxides, hydroxides, and flame combustion products in the flame or plasma. Several strategies can be employed to minimize spectral interferences caused by overlapping emission lines or bands. These include increasing instrument resolution, choosing alternative emission lines, optimally placing the detector in low-background regions,...
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

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The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab01:29

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab

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AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...
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Emission Spectra02:39

Emission Spectra

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When solids, liquids, or condensed gases are heated sufficiently, they radiate some of the excess energy as light. Photons produced in this manner have a range of energies, and thereby produce a continuous spectrum in which an unbroken series of wavelengths is present.
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Momentum And Radiation Pressure01:20

Momentum And Radiation Pressure

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An object absorbing an electromagnetic wave would experience a force in the direction of propagation of the wave. This force occurs because electromagnetic waves contain and transport momentum. The force accounts for the wave's radiation pressure exerted on the object. Maxwell's prediction was confirmed in 1903 by Nichols and Hull by precisely measuring radiation pressures with a torsion balance. The measuring instrument had mirrors suspended from a fiber kept inside a glass container.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 2, 2026

Scattering And Absorption of Light in Planetary Regoliths
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Comet C/2017 S3 (PanSTARRS): Outbursts and Disintegration.

M R Combi1, T Mäkinen2, J-L Bertaux3

  • 1Dept. of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, 2455 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2143.

The Astrophysical Journal. Letters
|December 7, 2019
PubMed
Summary

The Solar Wind ANisotropies (SWAN) instrument observed comet C/2017 S3 (PanSTARRS) during its final disintegration. Analysis revealed significant water outbursts and estimated the nucleus size and particle distribution.

Keywords:
Comet C/2017 S3 (PanSTARRS)Cometary AtmospheresComets

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Area of Science:

  • Cometary science
  • Solar system exploration
  • Space physics

Background:

  • Comet C/2017 S3 (PanSTARRS) exhibited unusual activity prior to its perihelion.
  • Previous cometary disintegration events, like comet C/1999 S4 (LINEAR), provide context for understanding cometary behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the final activity and disintegration of comet C/2017 S3 (PanSTARRS).
  • To estimate the nucleus size and the size distribution of disintegrating particles.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the Solar Wind ANisotropies (SWAN) all-sky hydrogen Lyman-alpha camera on the SOlar and Heliospheric Observer (SOHO) satellite.
  • Monitored the hydrogen coma of the comet over its last month of activity.
  • Estimated water production rates based on hydrogen coma observations.
  • Calculated nucleus size using total water produced and assumed refractory/ice ratios.
  • Determined the size distribution of disintegrating particles.

Main Results:

  • Observed a small water outburst on July 8 and a larger one on July 20, 2018.
  • Water production dropped significantly after July 20 and became undetectable.
  • The comet's behavior, including a major outburst near perihelion, preceded its disintegration.
  • Estimated the size of the comet's nucleus prior to its final outburst.
  • Characterized the size distribution of particles released during disintegration.

Conclusions:

  • Comet C/2017 S3 (PanSTARRS) experienced a dramatic end-of-life event with significant water outbursts.
  • The observed activity and disintegration provide insights into the final stages of cometary evolution.
  • Nucleus size estimation and particle distribution analysis contribute to understanding cometary fragmentation processes.