Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting01:45

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting

3.1K
Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
3.1K
Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins01:39

Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins

3.5K
Mitochondrial precursors are partially unfolded or loosely folded polypeptide chains. Newly synthesized precursors are inhibited from spontaneously folding into their native conformation by the cytosolic chaperones, heat shock proteins 70 (Hsp70), and mitochondrial import stimulation factors (MSFs). Precursors bound to MSFs are guided to the TOM70-TOM37 receptors, while precursors bound to Hsp70  chaperones are targetted to TOM20-TOM22 receptor complexes.
Most of the mitochondrial...
3.5K
Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

11.8K
Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
11.8K
Mitochondria01:37

Mitochondria

19.4K
Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
19.4K
Mitochondrial Protein Sorting01:39

Mitochondrial Protein Sorting

5.5K
Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles of the eukaryotes involved in cellular metabolism, signaling, ATP synthesis, and programmed cell death.  Each of these processes requires specific proteins and enzymes that must be correctly sorted to the right mitochondrial subcompartment for the proper functioning of the organelle.
Most of these mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the nucleus and imported to the mitochondria as unfolded or loosely folded precursors. Mitochondrial precursors...
5.5K
Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

16.5K
A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
16.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Digging deeper into NINJ1: its multifaceted role in central nervous system diseases.

Frontiers in immunology·2026
Same author

Multimodal Integration of Gait Dysfunction, Amyloid PET, and Plasma Biomarkers for Differentiating Etiological Subtypes in Mild Cognitive Impairment.

CNS neuroscience & therapeutics·2026
Same author

Precision-Oriented Reconstruction After Spinal Sarcoma Resection: Integrating Surgical Strategy, Biologic Risk, and Emerging Technologies.

Cancers·2026
Same author

Tumor cell-derived HSP47 promotes pancreatic Cancer metastasis via Homotrimeric collagen-mediated M2 macrophage polarization.

Cellular signalling·2026
Same author

Elucidating the protective role of quercetin against lipopolysaccharide-induced necroptosis in broiler thymus: insights from Nrf2/PERK signaling based on network pharmacology and experimental validation.

Redox report : communications in free radical research·2026
Same author

Short-exposure annular LED array-based digital refocusing microscopy via multiplexed illumination.

Applied optics·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 2, 2026

Understanding the Changes in Mitochondrial Morphology through Dynamic and Three-dimensional Fluorescence Micrographs
08:15

Understanding the Changes in Mitochondrial Morphology through Dynamic and Three-dimensional Fluorescence Micrographs

Published on: August 15, 2025

948

Apolipoprotein E regulates mitochondrial function through the PGC-1α-sirtuin 3 pathway.

Junxiang Yin1,2, Megan Nielsen2,3, Tanner Carcione2

  • 1China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.

Aging
|December 7, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) involves brain hypometabolism. Apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) suppresses mitochondrial function via the PGC-1α-Sirt3 pathway, offering new therapeutic targets for AD.

Keywords:
apolipoproteinhypometabolismsirtuin

More Related Videos

Time-Lapse Video Microscopy for Assessment of EYFP-Parkin Aggregation as a Marker for Cellular Mitophagy
09:29

Time-Lapse Video Microscopy for Assessment of EYFP-Parkin Aggregation as a Marker for Cellular Mitophagy

Published on: May 4, 2016

7.5K
The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson's Disease
15:09

The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson's Disease

Published on: October 3, 2012

17.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 2, 2026

Understanding the Changes in Mitochondrial Morphology through Dynamic and Three-dimensional Fluorescence Micrographs
08:15

Understanding the Changes in Mitochondrial Morphology through Dynamic and Three-dimensional Fluorescence Micrographs

Published on: August 15, 2025

948
Time-Lapse Video Microscopy for Assessment of EYFP-Parkin Aggregation as a Marker for Cellular Mitophagy
09:29

Time-Lapse Video Microscopy for Assessment of EYFP-Parkin Aggregation as a Marker for Cellular Mitophagy

Published on: May 4, 2016

7.5K
The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson's Disease
15:09

The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson's Disease

Published on: October 3, 2012

17.3K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Mitochondrial Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Cerebral hypometabolism is a key feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD).
  • Sirtuin 3 (Sirt3), a mitochondrial protein, is downregulated in AD brains and protects neurons from amyloid-beta toxicity.
  • The role of Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) in regulating mitochondrial function and Sirt3 levels remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) influences mitochondrial function and Sirt3 levels.
  • To compare Sirt3, PGC-1α, oxidative stress, synaptic proteins, cognitive function, and ATP production in ApoE4 and ApoE3 mice.
  • To assess the impact of Sirt3 expression on cellular metabolism in primary neurons from ApoE4 and ApoE3 mice.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of Sirt3, PGC-1α, oxidative stress markers, synaptic proteins, cognitive performance, and ATP production in 12-month-old human ApoE4 and ApoE3 transgenic mice.
  • Assessment of Sirt3's effect on cellular metabolism in primary neurons derived from ApoE4 and ApoE3 transgenic mice.
  • Sirt3 knockdown and overexpression experiments in primary neurons.

Main Results:

  • ApoE4 mice exhibited significantly lower levels of Sirt3 and PGC-1α compared to ApoE3 mice.
  • Cognitive function, synaptic protein levels, NAD+/NADH ratios, and ATP production were reduced in ApoE4 mice.
  • Sirt3 knockdown impaired oxygen consumption and ATP production in ApoE3 neurons, while Sirt3 overexpression protected ApoE4 neurons from damage.

Conclusions:

  • Apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) suppresses mitochondrial function through the PGC-1α-Sirt3 pathway.
  • This pathway represents a novel therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease prevention and treatment.
  • Understanding the ApoE4-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction is crucial for developing effective AD therapies.