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Updated: Jan 2, 2026
Author Spotlight: Advancements in 3D Optical Imaging for Comprehensive Body Composition Assessment in Modern Research
Published on: June 7, 2024
Reliability of Periocular Anthropometry: A Comparison of Direct, 2-Dimensional, and 3-Dimensional Techniques
Yongwei Guo1, Xiaoyi Hou1, Alexander C Rokohl1
1Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Background:
Three-dimensional (3D) imaging has become increasingly popular in aesthetic surgery. However, few studies have emphasized its application in the periocular region.
Objective:
To provide evidence supporting the reliability of generalizing periocular measurements obtained using caliper-derived direct anthropometry and 2-dimensional (2D) photogrammetry to 3D stereophotogrammetry.
Materials And Methods:
Periocular surfaces were captured using a stereophotogrammetry system for 46 normal Caucasian individuals. Twenty-two periocular variables were directly, 2-dimensionally, and 3-dimensionally measured. Reliability of these measurements was evaluated and compared with each other.
Results:
The results revealed that, for direct (intra-rater reliability only), 2D, and 3D anthropometry, overall intra-rater and inter-rater intraclass correlation coefficient estimates were 0.88, 0.99 and 0.97, and 0.98 and 0.92, respectively; mean absolute differences were 0.84 mm, 0.26 and 0.36 units, and 0.35 and 0.67 units, respectively; technical error of measurement (TEM) estimates were 0.85 mm, 0.25 and 0.36 units, and 0.32 and 0.65 units, respectively; relative error measurement estimates were 6.46%, 1.69% and 2.74%, and 1.67% and 5.11%, respectively; and relative TEM estimates were 6.25%, 1.62% and 2.78%, and 2.12% and 5.12%, respectively.
Conclusion:
Stereophotogrammetry and the authors' landmark location protocol yield very good reliability for a series of 2D and 3D measurements.
