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Cognitive development continues throughout adulthood, undergoing significant shifts across early, middle, and late stages. Individual transition occurs from adolescent idealism to pragmatic and adaptable thinking in early adulthood. During this period, individuals learn to integrate personal beliefs with the recognition that other perspectives are equally valid. Exposure to the complexities of modern society, diverse experiences, and higher education contribute to this adaptive thought process,...
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Age-related pharmacokinetic changes are extensively documented, but understanding age-related pharmacodynamic alterations is relatively limited. This knowledge gap can be partly attributed to the complexity of developing appropriate measures of drug responses compared to bioanalytical methods for determining drug concentrations.Most information regarding age-related differences in human pharmacodynamics originates from cross-sectional studies. However, these studies assume that observed mean...
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Elderly individuals encompass a diverse population with varying degrees of age-related physiological changes. Defining the elderly presents challenges, as the geriatric population is often arbitrarily categorized as individuals older than 65. However, many individuals in this group lead active and healthy lives, with an increasing number surpassing 85 years and falling into the older elderly category. Physiological changes associated with aging impact performance capacity and homeostatic...
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As individuals age, their body's physiology evolves, affecting drug pharmacokinetics. The most apparent changes occur in the gastrointestinal tract, where an increase in gastric pH, a delay in gastric emptying, and a reduction in gastrointestinal motility are observed. Remarkably, these changes do not substantially modify the absorption of orally administered drugs, particularly those absorbed via passive diffusion.Transdermal drug delivery emerges as a highly viable method for older adults due...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 2, 2026

A Mouse Model of Orthopedic Surgery to Study Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction and Tissue Regeneration
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Current Perspectives on Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction in the Ageing Population.

Ivan Urits1, Vwaire Orhurhu1, Mark Jones1

  • 1Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.

Turkish Journal of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation
|December 13, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) affects the elderly after surgery. This review updates knowledge on POCD causes, risk factors, and prevention strategies, focusing on older patients.

Keywords:
Ageinganaesthesiafrailtygeriatricspostoperative cognitive dysfunctionpostoperative delirium

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Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology
  • Geriatrics
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a significant concern, particularly in the elderly, leading to increased morbidity and mortality.
  • The aging population undergoing more elective surgeries increases the risk of POCD during perioperative phases.
  • Current understanding suggests anesthesia, cerebral hypoperfusion, hyperventilation, and neuroinflammation contribute to POCD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an updated review on the pathophysiology of POCD.
  • To identify key risk factors associated with POCD development.
  • To discuss prevention and treatment strategies for POCD, with an emphasis on the elderly.

Main Methods:

  • This review synthesizes current research on POCD.
  • It examines etiological factors and clinical manifestations.
  • Focus is placed on evidence-based prevention and management approaches.

Main Results:

  • POCD is a prolonged cognitive impairment post-surgery, more common in older adults.
  • Anesthetic management, intraoperative events, and neuroinflammation are implicated in POCD.
  • Preoperative and postoperative cognitive testing, vigilant monitoring, and blood pressure control are crucial.

Conclusions:

  • Awareness of POCD risk in the elderly is essential.
  • Proactive measures including cognitive assessment and careful perioperative management can mitigate POCD.
  • Further research into POCD pathophysiology is needed for improved interventions.