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Related Concept Videos

Stress Response System01:21

Stress Response System

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The stress response system, also known as the fight-or-flight response, is the body's automatic physiological reaction to perceived threats. Hans Selye introduced the concept of General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) to describe the predictable pattern of changes that occur in response to stress. GAS consists of three sequential stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. This model helps explain how chronic stress can contribute to health problems.
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Other Stress Responses in Bacteria01:30

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Bacteria have global regulatory systems that control several types of stress mechanisms. These include Pho regulon and the heat shock response, which are essential systems for environmental adaptation, such as nutrient limitation and proteotoxic stress. The Pho regulon and the heat shock response exemplify bacterial resilience, enabling rapid adaptation to fluctuating environmental conditions.Pho RegulonBacteria require phosphorus for essential cellular processes, including nucleic acid...
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Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

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The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
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Physiological Foundation of Stress01:24

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Stress triggers a coordinated physiological response involving the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This dual activation ensures that the body is prepared for both immediate and prolonged stress management. The process begins with the perception of a stressor. This initial phase activates the SNS, leading to the rapid release of adrenaline (epinephrine) from the adrenal glands.
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Psychological Responses to Stress01:20

Psychological Responses to Stress

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Psychological responses to stress encompass the various cognitive and emotional reactions individuals experience when faced with challenging or threatening situations, such as a job loss. Prolonged exposure to stressors can disturb emotional balance, increasing negative emotions (e.g., anxiety and sadness) and diminishing positive emotions (e.g., joy and satisfaction). These persistent emotional shifts are associated with an increased risk of both physical illness and mental health issues, such...
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Regulation of the Unfolded Protein Response01:31

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Inositol-requiring kinase one or IRE1 is the most conserved eukaryotic unfolded protein response (UPR) receptor. It is a type I transmembrane protein kinase receptor with a distinctive site-specific RNase activity. As the binding mechanics of the misfolded proteins with the N-terminal domain of IRE-1 are unclear, three binding models — direct, indirect, and allosteric -- are proposed for receptor activation. Nevertheless, it is known that once a misfolded protein associates with IRE1, it...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 1, 2026

Measurements of Physiological Stress Responses in C. Elegans
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The integrated stress response promotes B7H6 expression.

Akram Obiedat1, Yoav Charpak-Amikam2, Julie Tai-Schmiedel3

  • 1Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12065, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel.

Journal of Molecular Medicine (Berlin, Germany)
|December 16, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress upregulates B7H6, a target for cancer immunotherapy, via the PERK pathway. HIV protease inhibitors like nelfinavir induce B7H6, enhancing CAR-T cell therapy effectiveness against melanoma.

Keywords:
B7H6CAR-TPERKUPR

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • B7H6 is a tumor-associated antigen and a ligand for the NK cell receptor NKp30.
  • B7H6 expression is largely restricted to tumors, making it a promising target for cancer immunotherapy.
  • Mechanisms regulating B7H6 expression remain largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the molecular mechanisms controlling B7H6 expression.
  • To explore the potential of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the integrated stress response (ISR) in modulating B7H6 levels.
  • To assess the therapeutic implications of pharmacologically inducing B7H6 for cancer immunotherapy.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated the effect of ER stress on B7H6 mRNA and surface protein levels.
  • Utilized PERK (protein kinase R-like ER kinase) and eIF2α phosphorylation as key indicators of the ISR.
  • Administered HIV protease inhibitors (nelfinavir, lopinavir) to induce ER stress and ISR.
  • Assessed the impact of B7H6 induction on CAR-T cell recognition of melanoma targets.

Main Results:

  • ER stress was found to significantly upregulate B7H6 mRNA and surface expression.
  • B7H6 induction by ER stress is dependent on the PERK pathway and eIF2α phosphorylation.
  • Clinically approved HIV protease inhibitors, nelfinavir and lopinavir, effectively induced B7H6 expression at pharmacologically relevant concentrations.
  • Pharmacological induction of B7H6 sensitized melanoma cells to B7H6-directed CAR-T cell therapy.

Conclusions:

  • ER stress represents a novel mechanism for inducing B7H6 expression in a PERK-dependent manner.
  • HIV protease inhibitors can be utilized to pharmacologically enhance B7H6 expression.
  • This approach holds promise for improving the efficacy of B7H6-targeted immunotherapies, particularly for melanoma.